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Quebrada de Humahuaca

Quebrada de Humahuaca

Quebrada de Humahuaca follows the line of a major cultural route, the Camino Inca, along the spectacular valley of the Rio Grande, from its source in the cold high desert plateau of the High Andean lands to its confluence with the Rio Leone some 150 km to the south. The valley shows substantial evidence of its use as a major trade route over the past 10,000 years. It features visible traces of prehistoric hunter-gatherer communities, of the Inca Empire (15th to 16th centuries) and of the fight for independence in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Quebrada de Humahuaca

Quebrada de Humahuaca suit un itinéraire culturel important, le Camino Inca, le long de la spectaculaire vallée du Rio Grande, depuis sa source dans les hauts plateaux désertiques et froids des Hautes Andes à sa confluence avec le Rio Leone, quelque 150 kilomètres plus au sud. La vallée offre des indices importants de son utilisation comme grande voie commerciale depuis 10 000 ans, et notamment des traces de chasseurs-cueilleurs préhistoriques, de l’Empire inca (XVe-XVIe siècle) et des combats pour l’indépendance (XIXe-XXe siècle).

كيبرادا دي هوماهواكا

تتبع كيبرادا دي هوماهواكا طريقاً ثقافياً مهماً واسمه "كامينو إنكا" (طريق الإنكا) على طول وادي وادي ريو غراندي الخلاب، منذ مصدره في السفوح العليا الصحراوية والباردة في الأند العليا حتى انضمامه إلى ريو ليوني على مسافة 150 كيلومتراً جنوباً. يعرض الوادي مؤشرات مهمة لاستعمال هذا الطريق كطريق تجارية كبرى منذ 10000 سنة، لا سيما آثار الصيادين- القطّافين التي تعود إلى فترة ما قبل التاريخ، وإلى إمبراطورية الإنكا (القرنان الخامس عشر والسادس عشر) ومعارك الاستقلال (القرنان التاسع عشر والعشرين).

source: UNESCO/ERI

塔夫拉达•德乌玛瓦卡

塔夫拉达•德乌玛瓦卡遗产地沿一条主要的文化路线——卡米诺印加分布。其源头起自安蒂恩高原(the High Andean lands)上寒冷的荒原,沿格兰德河谷 (the Rio Grande) 延伸,直到南部150公里与莱昂河(the Rio Leone) 汇合处。山谷里的遗迹向世人展示了过去一万年间,它被作为主要的商业通道的历史。有多出明显的遗迹表明,这里曾先后是史前的狩猎军体聚集地,还是印加帝国时代(公元15-16世纪)和19至20世纪人们为独立而斗争的战场。

source: UNESCO/ERI

Древний путь Кебрада-де-Умауака

Кебрада-де-Умауака следует линии важного культурно-исторического пути, который назывался «Дорога Инки» (Camino Inca) и был проложен вдоль живописной долины Рио-Гранде, от ее истока на холодном пустынном плато Андского высокогорья до слияния с Рио-Леоне в 150 км к югу. В долине сохранились свидетельства ее использования в качестве главного торгового пути в течение последних 10 тыс. лет - следы доисторических сообществ охотников-собирателей, империи инков (XV-XVI вв.) и периода борьбы за независимость в XIХ-XХ вв.

source: UNESCO/ERI

Quebrada de Humahuaca

Este sitio se extiende a lo largo de un importante itinerario cultural, el Camino del Inca, que sigue el curso del Río Grande y su espectacular valle, desde su nacimiento en el altiplano desértico y frío de los Altos Andes hasta su confluencia con el Río Leone, unos 150 kilómetros más al sur. En el valle hay huellas importantes de su utilización como vía comercial importante desde 10.000 años atrás, así como de las actividades de grupos de cazadores-recolectores prehistóricos. También hay vestigios del imperio inca (siglos XV y XVI) y de los combates de los republicanos por la independencia de Argentina (siglos XIX y XX).

source: UNESCO/ERI

ケブラーダ・デ・ウマワーカ 
アルゼンチン北西端、アンデス山脈上に位置するウマワーカ渓谷は、グランデ川によって切り開かれた155.4㎞ほどの細長い渓谷。渓流はアンデス高地の寒冷ツンドラ地帯から、広大で蒸し暑い南東のフフイ渓谷にまでおよぶ。狩猟時代から現代まで、渓谷は人びとの道の役割を果たしてきた。先住民の居住地は、この渓谷が幹線路として重要であったことを示し、居住地の多様性からも歴史の中で渓谷が果たしてきた役割を知ることができる。

source: NFUAJ

Quebrada de Humahuaca vallei

De Quebrada de Humahuaca vallei maakt deel uit van een belangrijke culturele route – de Camino Inca – langs de Rio Grande. De rivier die van de bron op het koude woestijnplateau van de Hoge Andes voert tot aan de plek waar zij 150 kilometer zuidelijker samenvloeit met de Rio Leone. De Quebrada de Humahuaca-vallei laat duidelijk zien dat zij de afgelopen 10.000 jaar gebruikt is als een belangrijke handelsroute. Zo zijn er zichtbare sporen van prehistorische jager-verzamelaargemeenschappen, van het Incarijk – 15e tot de 16e eeuw –, evenals van de strijd voor onafhankelijkheid in de 19e en 20e eeuw.

Source: unesco.nl

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Quebrada de Humahuaca (Argentina) © Philipp Schinz
Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

Quebrada de Humahuaca, located in the Province of Jujuy, is a narrow and arid mountainous valley, flanked by the high plateau of the Puna and the eastern wooded areas. It is located in the north-westernmost portion of the Republic of Argentina and follows the line of a major cultural route, the Camino Inca, along the spectacular valley of the Rio Grande, from its source in the cold high desert plateau of the High Andean lands to its confluence with the Rio León, forming a 155-kilometre long, north-south striking natural corridor, where the Grande de Jujuy river flows.

It is a highly representative example of the south Andean valleys, with an exceptional system of communication routes and economic, social and cultural coordination. This is the most important physical linkage between the high Andean lands and the extensive temperate plains in south-eastern South America. Its impressive natural environment is kept almost intact, with hundreds of archaeological and architectural sites that bear witness to its long and rich history. The valley shows substantial evidence of its use as a major trade route over the past 10,000 years. Scattered along the valley are extensive remains of successive settlements whose inhabitants created and used these linear routes. They include prehistoric hunter/gatherer and early farming communities (9000 BC to AD 400), large structured agricultural societies (AD 400-900), flourishing pre-Hispanic towns and villages (900-1430/80), the Incan empire (1430/80-1535), Spanish towns, villages and churches (153/93-1810), and  traces of Republican struggles for independence (1810-20th century). Of particular note are the extensive remains of stone-walled agricultural terrace fields at Coctaca, thought to have originated around 1,500 years ago and still in use today; these are associated with a string of fortified towns known as pucaras . The field system and the pucaras together make a dramatic impact on the landscape and one that is unrivalled in South America. The valley also displays several churches and chapels and a vibrant vernacular architectural tradition.

The current population, on its part, keeps its traditions in an outstanding cultural landscape. Thus, Quebrada de Humahuaca is an extremely complex heritage system characterised by elements of various kinds inserted in a stunning, impressive and colourful landscape. The interaction between the geo-ecological system and the successive societies and cultures that have occupied it for the last 10,000 years shows space-time continuity that is hard to find in other areas. Separated from the ensemble, only a few properties can be considered unique and outstanding. However, the combination of natural and cultural elements has given rise to a site that is beyond comparison in every sense.

Criterion (ii): The Quebrada de Humahuaca valley has been used over the past 10,000 years as a crucial passage for the transport of people and ideas from the high Andean lands to the plains.

Criteria (iv) and (v): The Quebrada de Humahuaca valley reflects the way its strategic position has engendered settlement, agriculture and trade. Its distinctive pre-Hispanic and pre-Incan settlements, as a group with their associated field systems, form a dramatic addition to the landscape and one that can certainly be called outstanding.

Integrity

The attributes that sustain the Outstanding Universal Value of Quebrada de Humahuaca are included within the boundaries of the inscribed property and the buffer zone, which ensures the complete representation of its significance as an evolving and dynamic landscape. Quebrada de Humahuaca is a combination of different aspects of settlements and transport routes which together make up the cultural route and the cultural landscape. Overall the valley still retains a high degree of integrity but this is made up of a combination of discrete factors, each of which need to be assessed individually. The archaeological sites are well preserved as well as the conservation of construction techniques and the features of Hispanic churches. Most of the remains of the later abandoned settlements are likewise reasonably intact and have a high integrity. There is one exceptions and that is the Pucara of Tilcara which was partially reconstructed in the 1940s and thus now has low integrity. Many of the field systems associated with the pucaras are still in use and thus have integrity as part of a continuing agricultural system. The vulnerability of this site arises from the weakness of public policies and laws relating to the territorial planning, which may threaten the integrity of this property.

Authenticity

The attributes showing of the property preserve their authenticity, keeping its technology, use and traditions, while incorporating new elements without affecting its harmonious relation to the environment. At the same time, it continues fulfilling its millenary function as a space for communication, exchange and human settlement. The authenticity of this property, as an evolving cultural landscape, is reflected on the balance between the local uses and traditions and the introduction of modern materials and techniques. The Spanish Churches still retain their overall form and particular construction techniques, although a few seem to have been over restored. The cores of the main settlements still hold onto their distinctive low-rise form and traditional spatial planning but around the margins show diminishing authenticity in response to development pressures. On the other hand, there is evidence that the use of introduced modern materials is being countered by an increasing interest in the use of traditional local materials and techniques as a means of asserting identity.

Protection and management requirements

The legal framework of Quebrada de Humahuaca comprises the Provincial Law on Protected Landscapes N°5206/00 and its decree 789/004 various regulations for the protection of specific properties, as well as municipal laws. The National Constitution of 1994 provides the overarching framework for the protection of both the cultural and natural heritage, through establishing the right to protection in order to enjoy a healthy and balanced environment. Other relevant Acts include the National Decree N°1012/00 which declared as National Historical Monuments the archaeological deposits of Coctaca, Los Amarillos, el Pucara de Tilcara and La Huerta; the National Tourism Secretariat Resolution N°242(1993), whereby Quebrada de Humahuaca and its integral villages were declared of National Interest; the National Decree of 1975 whereby the two villages of Purmamarca and Humahuaca were declared Historical Places; the National Decree of 1941 which protected the six key chapels and churches as Historical Monuments; the  National Law N° 25743/03which protected archaeological and paleontological deposits as assets of scientific interest. Further Provincial Laws protect folklore and craftsmanship as well as heritage of provincial importance. Specifically a provincial Decree of 2000 gives high priority to pursuing the inscription of Quebrada as a World Heritage Site and a Resolution shaped the composition of the Technical support Team for the proposed World Heritage Site. Overall therefore, Quebrada is well protected by both general and specific legislation designed to protect its discrete cultural heritage and there is also a legal framework for the coordinating management structure.

The management plan of Quebrada de Humahuaca is the tool for the protection and preservation of its values, which aims at achieving a comprehensive administration, as well as solving authority, jurisdiction and dominion problems that may arise in a property characterised by a great extent, complexity and dynamism. Quebrada de Humahuaca is envisioned as a site with a strengthened identity, territorially planned, and protected against natural dangers, with legally supported production diversity, a balanced environment and a better quality of life for its inhabitants.

Within this framework, the management tools include the different perspectives relating the social organisation of the population. This will allow for a balanced and harmonious functioning, where communities acknowledge their ethnic and cultural diversity, thus benefiting and strengthening their inhabitants. The implementation of participatory policies will allow for the exchange of knowledge between peoples, as well as a new appreciation of education, incorporating the complementary and reciprocal characteristics of Cosmic Thinking into all levels. As a result of these actions, the inhabitants will feel supported and deeply rooted in their land and territory, preserving and protecting both renewable and non‑renewable natural resources. Nowadays, all the aforementioned is vulnerable due to the increase of the population and the emergence of new needs and concepts mainly linked to modernity values, which threaten traditional customs.

The entities responsible for the management of the property comprise the commission of the site, the consulting board, the council of notables, the technical unit and the local commissions of the site.

Activities (1)