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Rjukan-Notodden Industrial Heritage Site (Norway)
    

Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork

Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork

This 13th-century fortified monastery belonging to the Teutonic Order was substantially enlarged and embellished after 1309, when the seat of the Grand Master moved here from Venice. A particularly fine example of a medieval brick castle, it later fell into decay, but was meticulously restored in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the conservation techniques now accepted as standard were evolved here. Following severe damage in the Second World War it was once again restored, using the detailed documentation prepared by earlier conservators.

Château de l’ordre Teutonique de Malbork

Ce monastère fortifié de l'ordre Teutonique datant du XIIIe siècle a été largement agrandi et embelli après 1309, quand le siège du grand maître de l'ordre a été transféré de Venise à Malbork. Exemple suprême du château médiéval en brique, il s'est ensuite délabré mais a été méticuleusement restauré au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe . C'est là qu'ont été élaborées nombre de techniques de conservation qui sont maintenant de règle. Après de graves dégâts subis lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le château a été de nouveau restauré à partir de la documentation détaillée préparée par les précédents spécialistes de sa conservation.

قصر مالبورك المبني وفقًا للنمط التوتوني

لقد تمّ توسيع هذا الدير المحصّن المبني على النمط التوتوني في القرن الثالث عشر، وتم تحسينه بعد العام 1309، حين تم نقل مقر سيد هذا النمط الأعظم من البندقية الى مالبورك. إنّه المثال الاسمى عن القصر القرميدي القروسطي. غير أنه هُدّم وأُعيد بناؤه بدقّةٍ كبيرة في القرن التاسع عشر وفي بداية القرن العشرين. من هنا تطوّر عدد من تقنيات الحفظ التي أصبحت اليوم قواعد رائجة. بعد الخسائر الجسيمة التي أحدثتها الحرب العالمية الثانية، رُمّم القصر من جديد استنادًا الى وثائق مفصّلة أعدّها الخبراء السابقون في حفظها.

source: UNESCO/ERI

马尔堡的条顿骑士团城堡

这个13世纪带有堡垒防御功能的修道院属于当时的条顿骑士团，当国王的居所于1309年从威尼斯移到这里后，这个城堡也得以扩建和重修。它是中世纪砖制城堡的杰出代表。在以后的数年里，城堡日渐衰败，到19世纪和20世纪初期，细致地修复了原貌。当今作为标准被接受的许多文物保护技巧是从这里演变而来的。该城堡在二战时期又被严重毁坏，但是后人根据第一次修复时留下来的详细资料再次修复了这个文化遗产。

source: UNESCO/ERI

Замок Тевтонского Ордена в городе Мальборк

Этот укрепленный монастырь XIII в., принадлежавший Тевтонскому ордену, был значительно расширен и богато оформлен после 1309 г., когда сюда была перенесена из Венеции резиденция Великого Магистра. Являясь особенно ярким примером средневекового кирпичного замка, он позднее пришел в упадок, но был тщательно отреставрирован в XIX - начале XX вв. Многие методы консервации, вошедшие ныне в широкую практику, впервые были применены именно здесь. После жестоких разрушений во время Второй мировой войны замок был отреставрирован еще раз, с использованием детальной документации, подготовленной предыдущими реставраторами.

source: UNESCO/ERI

Castillo de la Orden Teutónica en Malbork

Ampliado y embellecido a partir de 1309, año en que la sede del Gran Maestre de la Orden Teutónica fue transferida de Venecia a Malbork, este antiguo monasterio fortificado del siglo XIII llegó a ser el ejemplo más acabado de castillo medieval construido en ladrillo. Deteriorado con el correr del tiempo, fue meticulosamente restaurado en el siglo XIX y a principios del XX con técnicas que hoy se han convertido en normas en materia de restauración. Tras los graves desperfectos sufridos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se restauró de nuevo sobre la base de la detallada documentación elaborada por los especialistas en conservación que efectuaron la primera restauración.

source: UNESCO/ERI

マルボルクのドイツ騎士団の城
ドイツ騎士団が当時のマリエンブルクへ遷ったとき、初期の城郭は拡大されより華麗なものとなった。それは中世の煉瓦積城郭の見事な例証である。のちに崩壊したが、19～20世紀初期に正確に修復された。この地においては多くの保存技術が開発され、第2次世界大戦による全壊後の修復も、以前の修復者による詳細な記録に基づく成果であった。

source: NFUAJ

Kasteel van de Teutoonse orde in Malbork

Dit 13e-eeuwse versterkte klooster behoort tot de Teutoonse orde. Het werd aanzienlijk uitgebreid en verfraaid na 1309 toen de zetel van de Grote Meester hierheen verhuisde vanuit Venetië. Het is een bijzonder mooi voorbeeld van een middeleeuws kasteel, gebouwd van baksteen. Het kasteel raakte later in verval, maar het werd zorgvuldig gerestaureerd in de 19e eeuw en het begin van de 20e eeuw. Veel van de conserveringstechnieken die nu standaard zijn, werden hier ontwikkeld. Na zware schade in de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd het kasteel opnieuw hersteld met behulp van gedetailleerde documentatie opgesteld door eerdere conservatoren.

Source: unesco.nl

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Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (Poland) © Malbork Castle Museum
Statement of Significance

Malbork Castle is the most complete and elaborate example of the Gothic brick castle complex in the characteristic and unique style of the Teutonic Order, which evolved independently from the contemporary castles of western Europe and the Near East. The spectacular fortress represents the phenomenon of the monastic state in Prussia, founded in the 13th century and developed in the 14th century by the German communities of military monks who carried out crusades against the pagan Prussians on the south Baltic coast. The fortified monastery on the River Nogat represents the drama of Christianity in the late Middle Ages, stretched between extremes of sanctity and violence.

Over a span of two hundred years, since the 18th Century, the Malbork Castle has remained one of the major objects of European fascination with medieval history and its material remains. It also became a sign of the tendency to treat history and its monuments as instruments in the service of political ideologies.

From the 19th century onwards Malbork Castle has been the subject of restoration that contributed in an exceptional way to the development of research and conservation theory and practice. At the same time many forgotten medieval art and craft techniques were rediscovered. Extensive conservation works were carried out in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Following the severe damage that it incurred in the final stage of World War II, the castle was restored once again.

Criterion (ii): Malbork Castle is an architectural work of unique character. Many of the methods used by its builders in handling technical and artistic problems greatly influenced not only subsequent castles of the Teutonic Order but also other Gothic buildings in a wide region of north-eastern Europe. The castle also provides perfect evidence of the evolution of modern philosophy and practice in the field of restoration and conservation. It is a historic monument to conservation itself, both in its social aspect and as a scientific and artistic discipline.

Criterion (iii): Malbork Castle, a symbol of power and cultural tradition, is the most important monument to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, a unique phenomenon in the history of western civilization. The Castle is at the same time the major material manifestation of the Crusades in eastern Europe, the forced baptism of the Baltic peoples, and the colonization of their tribal territories, which played a vital role in the history of Europe.

Criterion (iv): Malbork Castle is an outstanding example of the castles of the Teutonic Order, which evolved in the frontiers of medieval western Europe. It is a unique, perfectly planned architectural creation, with no equivalent in Gothic architecture. It was built with the use of the rich repertoire of medieval constructional methods; these were applied on an exceptionally large scale and resulted in the magnificent seat of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.

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