Environment
and development in coastal regions and in small islands |
Field
Project Assessment
Sustainable
livelihoods for artisanal fishers through stakeholder co-management in the
Portland Bight Protected Area, Jamaica
Date
of assessment: |
A visit was conducted to the project site between 9-12 July, 2001. Assessment completed 3rd February 2002. |
Assessment conducted by: |
Dr. Gillian Cambers, UNESCO consultant, Dr. Dirk Troost, Chief UNESCO-CSI (not closely associated with the project); Rev. Peter Espeut, Director of Caribbean Coastal Area Management (C-CAM) Foundation and field project leader. |
Project documentation: |
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Assessment activities: |
Meetings with: Ms. Carla Gordon and Ms. Christine Sutherland, National Parks and Protected Areas Division, National Environmental Planning Agency; Mr. Steven Stone, Environmental Specialist, Inter-American Development Bank; Dr. George Warner, Director of the Centre for Marine Sciences, University of the West Indies; Mr. Jones, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture; Half-Moon Bay Fishermen’s Cooperative Society Ltd. - Mr. Desmond Abrahams, Vice President, Ms. Yvonne, Assistant Secretary Treasurer, the Treasurer and the Secretary, and visit to Pigeon Island; Ms. Pandora Walker, Game Warden, Rocky Point; staff of C-CAM; Mr. Roderick Ebanks, Mr. Sylvanus Walters, Archaeology Division, Jamaica National Heritage Trust; Science and Technology Committee of the Jamaica National Commission for UNESCO, representatives of the National Commission, Education and Communication committees; Dr. Claudia Harvey and Mr. Alwin Bully of the UNESCO Regional Office; Ms. Lawrence, Ms. Dawn Lowe and Mr. Matthew Morrison, Jamaica Sustainable Development Network; Mr. Chris Shaw, Mrs. Marjorie Campbell and Ms. Vivilene Edwards, Urban Development Corporation; C-CAM Board of Directors. |
Constraints: | Arrangements for the visit had been well organised. Political unrest in Kingston caused some rescheduling. |
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Field Project Assessment
The sixteen characteristics, used to define ‘wise
practices’, are used here to assess this field project.
A qualitative scale is used as follows:
None (0): | The field project activities to date do not comply with this characteristic and/or the characteristic is not relevant. |
Slightly (1-3): | The field project activities to date have begun in some preliminary way to satisfy this characteristic. |
Partially (4-6): | The field project activities to date have gone some significant way towards fulfilling this characteristic. |
Fully (7-9): | The field project activities to date have gone the full way to
complying with this
characteristic. |
This assessment is
based only on the activities undertaken to date, and does not include those
planned for the future.
Have the project
activities ensured long term benefit? |
Partially (5) |
The goals of this project are essentially
long term, and while significant progress has been made towards achieving
some of the objectives, others will require a longer period of time and
more work. For instance,
significant progress has been made in empowering local fishers to manage
their own resources through the Fisheries Management Council.
The
Portland Bight Protected Area (PBPA) has been
formally established and gazetted, however, management authority has
not yet been delegated to the Caribbean Coastal
Area Management Foundation (C-CAM).
Reversing extreme over-fishing will take a long period of time,
although a start has been made with the system of honorary game wardens.
Comprehensive studies of the resources of Portland Bight (mangroves,
coral, fisheries, flora and fauna) have been undertaken, and these will
provide a baseline for evaluating alternative economic activities in the
future. |
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Do the project activities provide for capacity building and institutional strengthening? |
Fully (7) |
The Fisheries Management Council has been in existence for more than five years, members meet regularly every month. Similarly the Citizens’ Councils (one has been established in the parish of St. Catherine and one in Clarendon) have been meeting regularly for the past two years. C-CAM provides administrative support for both Councils. The system of honorary game wardens (user name = csi, password = wise), with the associated training and regular meetings, has also provided for capacity building at the community level. | |
Are the project activities sustainable? | Partially (6) |
Activities such as the Fisheries Management Council, the Citizens Council and the honorary game warden system have been in operation for some time and are likely to continue. C-CAM itself relies heavily on project funds to cover running expenses and the organisation is at present in a somewhat uncertain situation since the management of the PBPA has not yet been officially delegated to them. A Global Environment Fund (GEF) Block B Project Development grant has been obtained, and provided the management authority for the PBPA is delegated to C-CAM, it is likely that the full GEF funding will be provided. | |
Have the project activities been transferred? |
Slightly (3) |
While the potential for
transferring some of the activities exists, there has been little transfer to
date. The Fisheries Division have
taken the initiative to incorporate the fisheries regulations prepared by the
Portland Bight Fishers Council into their national draft regulations.
Beach monitoring training, conducted in May 2001, included participants
from several other Jamaican non-governmental organisations (NGO).
From time to time, fishers from other parts of Jamaica (e.g. Discovery
Bay, Rio Bueno and Salem) have attended the Fisheries Management Council
meetings, and council members have visited the fishers of Negril, Montego Bay
and Discovery Bay. While the field project leader has a preference to wait with
transferring lessons learnt until specific goals have been achieved, the other
members of the evaluation team felt that considerable benefit could be derived
by sharing the lessons already learnt from co-management.
To this end, discussions were held with the Fisheries Division during the
visit on the potential for involving other NGOs and fishers cooperatives in the
Portland Bight Fisheries Management Council’s meetings on a regular basis. |
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Are the project activities interdisciplinary and intersectoral? |
Fully (8) |
The project activities involve several different disciplines: natural and social sciences, culture, heritage, archaeology, communications and education; several different societal sectors are involved: government, NGO, private sector, academia, fishers, citizens. | |
Do the project activities incorporate participatory processes? |
Fully (7) |
Considerable efforts have been made to include all the stakeholder groups. During the visit it was evident that one significant stakeholder, the Urban Development Corporation, did not consider itself a full partner in the participatory process, although they had been sending official representation to both the Fisheries Management Council and the Citizens’ Council of St. Catherine for several years. | |
Do the project activities provide for consensus building? |
Fully (7) |
Every attempt is being made to build consensus at different levels, e.g. at the fishing beaches, the cooperatives, the Fishers Council. Continual efforts need to be made to fully include all stakeholders, including the Urban Development Corporation, in the consensus building process. | |
Do the project activities include an effective and efficient communication process? |
Partially (6) |
This is being achieved through continual dialogue and meetings with the stakeholder groups, newspaper columns and radio shows. Inevitably, most of the communication has been with the more vocal stakeholders, there is always a significant ‘silent majority.’ | |
Are the project activities culturally respectful? |
Fully (8) |
The need to value and respect cultural and traditional frameworks, particularly those of the fishers of Portland Bight, is the basis for the project activities. | |
Do the project activities take into account gender and/or sensitivity issues? |
Fully (7) |
In view of the fact that the
role of women as stakeholders in the Jamaican fishery is not well appreciated, a
special effort has been made to include women in the project activities, e.g.
female boat-owners are members of the Fisheries Management Council, and several
of the honorary game wardens are women. Other
sensitive issues include enforcement and land ownership.
The project activities are taking account of enforcement issues through
the system of honorary game wardens, and are attempting to include land
ownership issues – although further efforts are required in this area. |
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Do the project activities strengthen local identities? |
Fully (7) |
The project has made progress in improving the self-reliance of local fishers and their ability to begin to manage their own livelihoods. | |
Do the project activities shape national legal policy? |
Fully (7) |
The project activities are helping to shape current government policy, e.g. the fisheries regulations prepared by the Portland Bight Fishers Council have been incorporated into draft national fisheries regulations. Once management responsibility for the PBPA is delegated to C-CAM, the potential exists to shape national policy regarding co-management of protected areas. | |
Do the project activities encompass the regional dimension? |
Partially (4) |
Some preliminary work has been done to embody the regional dimension, e.g. there were exchange visits between Jamaican fishers and Haitian fishers in 1998, and further exchanges are planned between Jamaica and San Andrés, Colombia. C-CAM is a full member of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the Caribbean Marine Protected Area Managers Network, and participates in the programme of the Caribbean Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme. | |
Do the project activities provide for human rights? |
Slightly (3) |
The project activities, by
providing assistance in the form of advice to the Halfmoon Bay Fishermen’s
Cooperative so that they could gain title to the land area at Halfmoon Bay, have
provided for human rights, specifically Article 17.1 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
Through the Fisheries Management Council, compensation has been obtained
for fishers who had their nets damaged by a petroleum barge which strayed
outside the shipping channel, after the fishers themselves were rebuffed at
gunpoint by the captain, and they could not get admission to the office of the
refinery to make a complaint (Article 17.2 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights). |
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Have the project activities been documented? |
Partially (4) |
Some project activities have
been well documented, e.g. the Management Plan 1999-2004.
However, many intermediary steps, e.g. the activities of the Fisheries
Management Council, and the system of honorary game wardens, have not been fully
documented. There is much to be
learnt by others from such activities – both the successes and the failures. |
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Have the project activities been evaluated? |
None (0) |
This is the first full evaluation of the project. | |
Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states:
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Revised Future Project
Activities
Full documentation and publication of past
activities: this will include publication of the
materials prepared in the 1999 and 2001 contracts on fishers’ local knowledge
and fishing practices in Portland Bight, as well as the analysis of
socio-economic data from coastal communities in Portland Bight.
Phase 2 of the archaeological survey: this will include
excavations on Great and Little Goat Islands.
(It is anticipated that there may be further phases of the archaeological
survey in the future).
Establishment of a Portland Bight community radio station: this will
involve support for the license application, equipment and training.
Establishment of stronger linkages between the Portland Bight project,
the UNESCO Office in Jamaica and the Jamaica National Commission for UNESCO:
it is very important to keep both the National Commission and the UNESCO
regional office fully aware and up to date regarding project activities.
To this end, a presentation to the National Commission and visit to the
project site should be arranged as soon as possible.
Commencement of beach monitoring in Portland Bight: now that the
initial training and equipment has been supplied, this should get under way as
soon as possible.
Commencement of CARICOMP monitoring in Portland Bight: as soon as
the necessary equipment has been supplied, monitoring of mangroves, sea grasses
and coral reefs using standard methodology can be started.
Facilitate an exchange visit between the fishers of Portland Bight and
fishers from San Andrés, Colombia.
Explore the possibility for establishing a UNESCO chair on
'Wise Coastal Practices for Sustainable Human Development' at the Sir Arthur
Lewis Centre for Social and Economic Studies in Kingston, Jamaica.