|
|
|
Angkor World Heritage Site
|
|
 Angkor was the Khmer ancient metropolitan areas which covered Angkor Plain stretching from Koulen Mountains to the north and Tonle Sap Lake to the south – an area of almost 5,000 km2 and more than thousand archaeological sites have been identified.
After the collapse of the Khmer civilisation, Angkor was abandoned and the temples were covered by the forest. They were “rediscovered” in the 1860s by the French. At its zenith, Angkor was inhabited by approximately 2 million people. At the present state, this living heritage is a home of about 70,000 inhabitants.
In 1991, due to the wrecked condition of the temples, King NORODOM Sihanouk appealed to UNESCO to coordinate the international efforts to preserve and safeguard the Angkor site. On 14th December 1992, Angkor was inscribed in the World Heritage List and the World Heritage in Danger. Covering the area of 401 km2 with 90 temples (please the attached list of temples); Angkor was inscribed on the basis of the following criteria:
- it represents a unique artistic achievement, a master piece of creative genius;
- it has exerted great influence over a span of time, within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture, monumental arts, and landscaping;
- it bears a unique exceptional testimony to a civilisation which has disappeared; and
- it is an outstanding example of an architectural ensemble which illustrates a significant stage in history.
Also the Angkor Park was inscribed under five conditions as below:
- (a) Enact adequate protective legislation
- (b) Establish an adequately staffed national protection agency
- (c) Establish permanent boundaries based on the UNDP project
- (d) Define meaningful buffer zones
- (e) Establish monitoring and coordination of the internationally conservation effort.
These conditions were successively fulfilled. A Royal decree of 19th February 1995 providing a legal basis for the creation of the Autorité pour la Protection du Site et l’Aménagement de la Région d’Angkor (the National Authority for the Protection of the Site and Development of Angkor called APSARA Authority– conditions (a) and (b) ). This acronym is a Khmer common word and signifies “celestial dancer”. For more information on APSARA National Authority, please go to http://www.autoriteapsara.org
The conditions (c) and (d) were satisfied by the establishment of the Zoning and Environmental Management Plan for the Angkor World Heritage Area (ZEMP) in September 1993.
The aim of ZEMP is to delimit appropriate boundaries to the zones and the boundary of the Angkor World Heritage Area and to recommend options for an integrated site management plan which includes:
(a) long-term, sustainable and environmentally sound management strategies ‘for the protection of Area’s archaeological, cultural and natural resource;
(b) a framework for integrating the area into the development strategy of Siem Reap province, taking into account tourism impact and employment creation opportunities, including land-use zoning and management plans which incorporate environmental, cultural and historic and tourism/development aspects;
(c) a legal framework and implementation guidelines;
(d) design of an information and decision making system for future special and environmental management of the site; and in a second phase;
(e) professional training for present and future national park administrators in order that they may be able to deal effectively with the complexity of managing the Angkor World Heritage Area, particularly the special areas of archaeological concern and ecologically sensitive zones within and outside the delimitations of the park.
The Angkor Park is divided into five categories of protected zones. These have differing management objectives. The Royal Decree that established Protected Cultural Zones in the Siem Reap-Angkor region and guidelines for their management was adopted in May 1994. It provides the legal basis for the zoning of the park and its management. The five different zones are as follows:
Zone 1: Monumental site. This zone is the core zone, monumental sites and protected archaeological reserves. It has the most significant archaeological features and the highest level of protection. There are three main non-contiguous and monumental sites in this zone:
- around the temples that surround the ancient capitals of Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom;
- Roluos which is a group of temples located some 30 km southwest of Siem Reap town;
- Banteay Srei which lies forty kilometres northwest of Angkor.
Zone 2: Protected archaeological reserves. This zone acts as buffer zone, around the monumental sites.
The zones 1 and 2 are under strictest management control. There is prohibition of development in any part of these zones with the following exceptions: development essential for the protection and enhancement of the monuments in zone 1, and development essential for the protection and enhancement of the monuments and the preservation of local lifestyles in zone 2.
Zone 3: Protected cultural landscapes are areas preserved for their distinctive traditional physical and cultural features, including historic buildings and land use practices. Siem Reap and Roluos rivers are included in zone 3.
Zone 4: They are sites of archaeological, anthropological or historic interest. This zone is of less significance than the zone 1 and 2, but requires protection for research, education and tourism. The isolated temple of Phnom Krom, which overlooks Tonle Sap Lake, is included in zone 4.
Zone 5: The socio-economic and cultural development zone of the Siem Reap-Angkor region. This zone covers the whole of Siem Reap province and broadly corresponds to the catchment area of greater metropolitan Angkor. This zone is to be managed as a multiple-use area with an emphasis on economic and social development through sustainable natural resource use and cultural tourism.
The condition (e) was fulfilled with the establishment of the International Coordination Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor called ICC-Angkor after the International Conference in Tokyo in 1993 and confirmed by a Second International Conference in Paris in 2003.
The members of the ICC-Angkor are countries and institutions who participated in one or both conferences in Tokyo and Paris. They are the following:
Asian Development Bank, Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, China, Denmark, Egypt, European Community, FAO, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, ICCROM, ICOM, ICOMOS, IMF, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Laos PDR, Luxemburg, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, SEAMEO/SPAFA, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, UNDP, United Kingdom, United States of America, UNV, Vietnam, WMF, World Bank, WTO.
The ICC-Angkor is Co-chaired by France and Japan. The Co-chairs convene twice a year its members and technical teams who are working in the Angkor World Heritage Site. The plenary session is organized around November-December to discuss the policy orientation and cooperation while the technical session, around June-July, provides a forum for technical discussion on various fields such as restoration, research, development.
By December 2008, the following teams are working at Angkor:
Organization ICC-Angkor Project Email
- UNESCO/Japanese APSARA Safeguarding Angkor(JASA)
Restoration of Bayon temple
nakag@waseda.jp
- Sophia University (JAPAN)
Restoration of Angkor Wat Causeway phase II
satoru@online.com.kh
- Germany Angkor Conservation Project (GACP)
Restoration of Angkor Wat, stones conservation and research
l@phno.auswaertiges-amt.de
- Banteay Srei Conservation Project (Switzerland)
Development of Parvis of Banteay Srey
rolf.grossenbacher@atelier-gs.ch
- Ecole française d'Extrême Orient (France)
Archeological research (Bayon and others) and Restoration of Baphoun
pascal.royere@efeo.net
christophe.pottier@efeo.net
jacques_gaucher@yahoo.com
- Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Restoration of Ta Prohm
ds_sood2006@yahoo.com.co.in
- Chinese Safeguarding Angkor (CSA)
Restoration of Ta Keo
en1366@hotmail.com
- Ingegneria Geotecnica e Structural snc (I.Ge.S), Italy
Restoration of Angkor Wat
vm.santoro@igessnc.com
- World Monuments Fund (WMF), USA
Restoration of Angkor Wat, Bakheng and Preah Khan
gboornazian@icr-icc.com
- New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAid)
Community participation project
lynn.desilva@mfat.govt.nz
- UNESCO/Australia-APSARA
Management framework
Margaret.Adamson@dfat.gov.au
- University of Sydney, Australia
Living with Heritage, Greeter Angkor Project
roland.fletcher@arts.usyd.edu.au
- University Blaise Pascal, France
Ta Keo project (impact of deforestation on stone destruction)
m-francoise.andre@univ-bpclermont.fr
- International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, Japan
Environmental Archaeological Study of the Angkor-Thom and Research on prehistory and the Environment in the Angkor Region
sergey720@yahoo.com
- A Khmer-Thai Joint Research Project
Living Angkor Road
imsokrithy@hotmail.com
- Nara Institute, Japan
Investigation of Western Prasat Top
tomoishi@nabunken.go.jp
- Czech Academy of Sciences
Research for an early human settlement at the site of the Royal Palace
karel@ujf.cas.cz
- National Institute for Cultural properties of Tokyo, Japan
Joint Research Project on Ta Nei monument Stones
futa@tobunken.go.jp
- Centre des Hautes Etudes de Chaillot
Centre for Heritage training
sylvain.ulisse@free.fr
- Government of Cambodia, with financial contribution from India
Restoration and showcasing of West Baray
hangpeou@yahoo.com
- APSARA
Run Ta Ek, eco-village for sustainable development
tanbounsuy@yahoo.com
- APSARA, with financial contribution from HOLCIM Group of Company
Restoration of Bakong pagoda Project
kaqc2004@yahoo.com
- UNESCO/APSARA-Jet Tour Fund-In-Trust
Restoration of Sras Srang
kaqc2004@yahoo.com
- Agrisud International, French NGO
Development of agriculture project in Siem Reap
sberton@agrisud.org
- Archaeology and Development Foundation, France
Archaeological Research at Phnom Kouken
jbchevance@free.fr
- Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst German Development Service (DED), Germany
Restoration of elephant statue of East Mebon
012 552 164,
ld@ded.org.kh
- Environment Research Development Angkor Cambodia (ERDAC), Japan
Research on environment in Angkor Region
t.shinji@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
- Gopura Team (Czech Republic)
Restoration of Lion statue of Phimeanakas temple
gopura2@gmail.com
- Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Development of Siem Reap town
Morihata.Shingo@jica.go.jp
- Royal Angkor Foundation (RAF), Hungary
Archaeological Research at Koh Ker
jelenjanos@gmail.com
- University of Bonn, Germany
Research on Khmer inscription
t.maxwell@web.de
For more information about the ICC-Angkor, please contact UNESCO Phnom Penh, through Mr. Bunhok LIM at bh.lim@unesco.org
Archivo de Artículo List of temples of the Angkor World Heritage Site.pdf 77804 bytes (Ayuda para la descarga)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fecha de publicación |
November, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
|
