Originally residing throughout Japan’s four major islands, the Ainu today live principally in Hokkaido and Kuril Islands in Japan (formerly also on south Sakhalin Island, Russia). Ainu has not been found to be related linguistically to any other language, even though a number of theories about its origins have been advances by scholars.The last speaker of the Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. In the 1980s, the Ainu experienced an ethnic revivial, comparable to that of the Native Americans, Aboriginal Australians and Arctic peoples. In 1997, the Japanese government officially recognized the Ainu as an indigenous Japanese minority group. 

Cultivators and sedentary, the Kayan have active trading and exchange relationship with various groups up and down the Baram. They are great craftsmen and well known for their boat-making skills, which they carve from a single block of belian - the strongest of the tropical hardwoo

The Baka in Gabon form a group of forest people living in the northern border area to Cameroon. They are part of the large group of Baka found in Southwest Cameroon and Northeast of Congo Brazzaville. They migrated to Gabon in recent history. Like other groups of African pygmies (Efe, Sua, Aka, Babenzele, etc.), the Baka are traditionally nomadic, even though they are undergoing a process of slow sedentarization under the influence of multiple factors, such as massive deforestation, which deprives them of the natural and symbolic resources essential for their biological and cultural survival. The language of the Baka is Ubangian-based in contrast to other forest people groups in Gabon, whose languages are Bantu-based.

References : 

• Paulin, Pascale, 2007. "The Baka of Gabon: the Study of an Endangered Language and Culture", in Proceedings of FEL XI, Working Together for Endangered Languages: Research Challenges and Social Impacts. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 October 2007, David, M., Ostler, N. & Dealwis , C. (eds), University of Malaya, pp. 163-171(to see the full document, click here).

Cucapa is an endangered language spoken by about 500 people in Mexico and in the USA. The Indians of the Colorado river were first mentioned in 1540 by the Spanish explorer Fernando Atarcon. At least during four hundred years the Cucapa lived in family groups in the area of the Delta of Colorado and the Hardy river, and on the slopes of the Cucapa mountains. They were hunter-gatherers, fishermen and agriculturalists, cultivating maize. In 1605, there were about 22,000 indigenous people in the region of Colorado river; in 1827, one traveller mentioned that some 5,000 Indians lived around the Colorado river, and, in 1990, only about 1000 settlers lived in this region. Today, the Cucapa population lives in Baja California, in El Mayor, in San Poza de Arvizú (to the south of Río San Luis Colorado) and in Arizona, USA.

The Haida are North American Indians living on the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia and on part of Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, which some Haida groups invaded, probably early in the 18th century.

Traditional Haida society was organized into many single matriclan villages composed of one to several house groups. Matriclans, headed by hereditary chiefs, were land-owning and ceremonial units that were divided into Eagle and Raven subgroups (moieties). Expert fishermen and seafarers, the Haida depended heavily on halibut, black cod, sea mammals, mollusks, and other sea species in addition to their freshwater salmon catches. The abundant red cedars were used to make huge dugout canoes, multifamily plank houses, numerous splendidly carved TOTEM poles as memorials and as portal poles, and carved boxes and dishes. Chiefs gave potlatches to guests of the opposite moiety, displaying hereditary crests and dances. Shamans wore masks indicative of their spirit powers in curing. Warfare with enemy tribes was frequent, for revenge, booty, and slaves. In the early 19th century the aboriginal Haida population was about 8,000 on the Queen Charlotte Islands and 1,800 in Alaska; in the 1890s they numbered fewer than 1,500 as the result of disease introduced through Western contact. During this appalling population decline, Queen Charlotte Islands survivors assembled in multiclan villages, of which two remain, Masset and Skidegate. In the mid-1980s the total Haida population was about 2,000.

References:

• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CA

The Mishmis occupy the northeastern tip of the central Arunachal Pradesh in the Dibang valley and Lohit districts. Their areas are located in the Mishmi Hills which extend between the Dibang and Lohita rivers. The Mishmi Hills thus cover a vast expanse of hilly area beyond Sadiya in Assam valley. The Mishmis are divided into three groups on the basis of their geographical distribution: Idu Mishmi, Digaru Mishmi and Miju Mishmi. The main occupation is agriculture, and the traditional religion is Hindu.

References:

• H.M. Bareh, “Encyclopedia of North-East India,” New Delhi: Mittal Publications. New Delhi
• Idu Mishmi in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

About 30 Mayan languages are still spoken by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Some are spoken by hundreds of thousands of people; some by fewer than 5,000. The highly endangered Mayan language Itzá is spoken fluently by around 150 people living in the village of San José, on the northern shore of Lake Petén Itzá in Guatemala. There are a few hundred around 60 bilingual nonfluent speakers. Because the government banned the speaking of Itzá in the 1930s, two generations of Itzá Maya have grown up learning only Spanish. The late 1980s saw a blossoming of interest among Maya people, including the Itzá, in preserving their cultural heritage. This revitalization movement has been encouraged by the Guatemalan government, which set up an academy to promote Mayan languages.

References:

• Itza in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
  
• BOOT, Erik (compiler), "A short Itza Maya Vocabulary", 1995. Full document is available here.
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ITZ

For more than six hundred years, Karaim has been spoken as a community language in the territory of today’s Lithuania and Ukraine. Due to the political measures taken by the post-war Soviet regime, the communities are now dispersed and their language has become endangered. The number of Karaims in Lithuania is about two hundred but only a fourth of them, mostly members of the eldest generation, still have a communicative competence in the language. Karaim speakers of Lithuania are multilingual, also having command of the regional or transregional dominant languages: Lithuanian, Polish, Russian and Ukrainian. The functional domain of the Karaim language is restricted to everyday conversational situations in the family and with a few Karaim friends. Karaim also plays an important role in religious practice, since songs and prayers are both in Karaim and Hebrew.

References:

• Karaim in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
  
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kdr

The Kadazandusun language community is the largest language community of Sabah, Malaysia. The Kadazandusun language has 13 notable dialects with more than 300,000 speakers living in the districts of Ranau, Tambunan, Penampang, Papar, Tuaran, Kota Belud, and those parts of Kota Kinabalu outside the city. Speakers of the Kadazandusun language also live in Beafort, Kinabatangan, Labuk-Sugut, and Keningau districts, with some migrant villages in the districts of Tenom and Tawau. They are traditionally farmers occupying the fertile plains of the west coast and the interior. 

References:

• Teo, Albert C. K. “SABAH, land of the sacred mountain”, by Albert C.K. Teo , Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Handicraft Centre, 1988

Kayan Murik is spoken in the Sarawak State of Malaysia by a small indigenous community of 1,200 to 1,300 speakers living along the Baram River.

Cultivators and sedentary, the Kayan have active trading and exchange relationship with various groups up and down the Baram. They are great craftsmen and well known for their boat-making skills, which they carve from a single block of belian - the strongest of the tropical hardwoo.

References:

• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mxr

The Lepcha language is spoken in Sikkim and Darjeeling district in West Bengal of India. The 1991 Indian census counted 39,342 speakers of Lepcha. Lepcha is considered to be one of the indigenous languages of the area in which it is spoken. Unlike most other languages of the Himalayas, the Lepcha people have their own indigenous script (the world’s largest collection of old Lepcha manuscripts is kept in Leiden, with over 180 Lepcha books).

Lepcha is the language of instruction in some schools in Sikkim. In comparison to other Tibeto-Burman languages, it has been given considerable attention in the literature. Nevertheless, many important aspects of the Lepcha language and culture still remain undescribed.

References:

• http://sikkim.nic.in/north/html/lepcha.htm
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lep

The speakers of ‡Khomani belong to the San ethnic group from South Africa. In 1973, N|uu language was declared officially extinct, and remained for over twenty years. At the end of the 1990s, the first known surviving N|uu speaker was identified. Since then research has found additional speakers. Most ‡Khomani nowadays speak fluently Khoekhoegowap (Nama) and/or Afrikaans as primary language. The use of the languages differs according to the context: N|uu is used with other N|uu speakers, Nama with friends and children, Afrikaans with adults and outsiders, sometimes with children, and for church. Literacy is in Afrikaans. San also live in Botswana and Namibia.

References:

• www.san.org.za
• N|uu in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

The Naso (Teribe) language is spoken in the northwestern area of Panama, on the bank of the River Teribe, in the Kingdom of Naso. Naso is the name preferred by the speakers for their language. The name Teribe was the one imposed by the invading Spanish. Tito Santana, the actual King of the Kingdom of Naso and its 2800 subjects, rules the only recognized kingdom on the American continent. He is responsible for protecting the interests of his people against the barrage of influences which often threaten the Nasos’ cultural survival and their language.

References:

• Oates, Perry J., 2001. "A description of Teribe phonology". SIL International. Full document available here.
• Naso in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tfr
  

The Saami are an indigenous people who have inhabited the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, and much of the Kola Peninsula of Russia for thousands of years. The “Saami language” is a misleading term in that there is a number of distinct languages including Lule Saami, North Saami, Pite Saami, South Saami, and Ume Saaami in Sweden. Traditional Saami culture is marked by hunting and fishing activities. Today, only a small proportion of the Saami people (perhaps 10 percent) are nomadic reindeer-herders, but this part of traditional Saami life remains very important to Saami cultural practice. Fjord fisheries are also central to most Saami people and to Saami culture. The Saami have for more than a century resisted the attempts of non-Saami society to assimilate the Saami population. The establishment of a Saami Parliament (Sameting) in 1989 increased the linguistic, cultural and legal recognition of the Saami people.

References :

• Communiqué drafted by representatives of the indigenous peoples organizations organizations for release at the AMAP International Symposium on Environmental Contamination of the Arctic (Tromsø, June 1997).
• Akkala Saami, Inari Saami, Kildin Saami, Lule Saami, North Saami, Pite Saami, Skolt Saami, South Saami, Ter Saami and Ume Saami in  UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Introduced into Scotland about AD 500 (displacing an earlier Celtic language of the Brythonic group), it developed into a distinct dialect of Gaelic in the 13th century. A common Gaelic literary language was used in Ireland and Scotland until the 15th century, by which time Scottish had diverged to such a degree from Irish that mutual intelligibility was difficult, and Scots Gaelic could be considered a separate language from Irish. Church Gaelic is based on the Perthshire dialect of 200 years ago, and is at a distance from spoken dialects. East Sutherlandshire dialect is so different from other spoken dialects as to be a barrier to communication. In some communities it is primarily used in the home, in church, and for social purposes. Books and journals are produced on various topics. Today the Scots Gaelic is spoken in the north and central counties of Ross, and the Islands of Hebrides and Skye, but also in Australia, Canada and USA. Resurgence of interest in Scots Gaelic in the 1990s was given a boost by the establishment of Scotland’s own Parliament, for the first time in 300 years. 

References:

• Scottish Gaelic in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Sharda is the original script of Kashmir. It evolved from the Western branch of Brahmi nearly 1200 years ago, when the language of Kashmir was developing into Kashmiri, with its peculiar intonations, variations and sounds. As a result, Sharda was imprinted with these vocal peculiarities, and became unfit for Sanskrit. Sharda, however, continued to be used for writing Sanskrit in Kashmir.

Sharda script was much in use in Kashmir, but also in North Western India (Gilgit etc.), the Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and even in Central Asia. Almost all the ancient Sanskrit literature of Kashmir is written in this script. 

References:

• http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bkc

The Toba (Chaco Sur, Qom, Toba Qom) language is spoken in the Eastern Formosa Province and Chaco Province, and it is also spoken in Bolivia and Paraguay. There are two dialects: Southeast Toba and Nothern Toba and they are different from Toba of Paraguay (Toba-Maskoy) or Toba-Pilagá of Argentina. The majority of speakers live in the mountains where they cultivate small parcels. In the last years, in the province of Chaco, the Tobas were granted definitive or provisory titles of property over their lands. Another group of Tobas live in suburban districts of Saenz Pena, Resistencia and Formosa. The Tobas constitute rural or urban communities with their traditional leaders or local commissions and communitarian associations, whose members are elected by the community. The Tobas have lived in political and economic dependency of the dominant society. In spite of this, with time, they recovered the sense of being indigenous and the will to fight for their rights. They speak their language, produce traditional crafts, preserve their dances and songs and perform ancient healing rituals.

References:

• Toba in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
• http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bkc