The United Kingdom (UK) is a pole of attraction for both university students and researchers, according to the chapter on the European Union in the report. In 2013, exports of education services were worth an estimated £17 billion and the UK hosted the largest number of research grantees from the European Research Council (ERC) of any EU country – as well as the largest number of non-nationals conducting ERC-funded research. Despite a persistently low research intensity by EU standards – 1.63% of GDP in 2013, compared to an EU average of 2.02% –, the UK has a reputation for scientific excellence: it produces 15% of the world’s most highly cited articles for a share of just 4% of the global research pool. The report argued that a Brexit might affect the UK’s openness to international flows of knowledge. The cornerstones of the EU’s single market are what are known as the four freedoms: the free movement of people, goods, services and capital. It is the free movement of people which has cristallized discontent in the UK.

The UK is one of the largest net contributors to the EU budget. The negotiations over the various options for a post-withdrawal relationship will be complex. There exist several ‘model relationships’ for European countries situated outside the EU. The ‘Norwegian model’ or the ‘Swiss model’ are the options currently seen as being the most applicable to the UK. These models are discussed in the chapter from the UNESCO Science Report on the members of the European Free Trade Association, namely Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

‘Were the UK’s future relationship with the EU to be modelled on Norway, which is a member of the European Economic Area, the UK would continue to make a significant financial contribution to the EU – potentially even close to the level of its current net contribution of about € 4.5 billion,’ observed the report. ‘In this case, the UK would be subject to much of the body of EU law and policy, yet its future influence on the EU would be limited.’

‘If, on the other hand, the UK opted for the Swiss model, it would not remain a member of the European Economic Area’, explained the report. ‘The UK would have to pay less attention to EU legislation and make a smaller financial contribution but it would have to negotiate separate agreements in many different areas, including trade in goods and services, or the movement of people between the UK and the EU.’

The impact of a Brexit on science and innovation in both the UK and in the EU will depend heavily on the post-withdrawal relationship between the UK and the EU. ‘It is likely that the UK would wish to remain an associated member of the European Research Area, like Norway and Switzerland,’ observed the report in 2015, ‘in order to continue participating in the EU framework programmes for research and technological development. These are considered increasingly important in the UK for funding research, training PhDs and exchanging ideas and people. However, the co-operation agreement for each framework programme would have to be negotiated separately, especially if the UK were not a member of the European Economic Area. This could be a difficult negotiation, as Switzerland has discovered since the tightening of its own immigration laws in 2014, following a popular referendum, prompted the EU to grant Switzerland only limited rights to participation in [the latest framework programme] Horizon 2020.’

‘The EU’s structural funds would also be out of reach for the UK, were it to leave the EU’, postulated the report. ‘A withdrawal from the EU might also incite international firms to scale down their plans to invest in R&D in the UK. The country would no longer be a gateway to EU markets, nor would its probably stricter immigration laws be particularly supportive of such investment. Lastly, a Brexit would be likely to make the international movement of university researchers between the UK and the rest of Europe, or the world, more complicated and less appealing, owing to the greater anti-immigration sentiment in the country.’

‘In its public discourse, the research community in the UK seems to be clearly against a Brexit’, observed the report. ‘Within days of the May 2015 parliamentary elections, a campaign website entitled Scientists for the EU had been set up. A letter signed by prominent scientists was also published by the Times on 22 May and articles appeared in The Guardian newspaper on 12 May and in Nature News on 8 May 2015’.

The UNESCO Science Report concluded that, ‘were the Brexit to become a reality, whatever the post-withdrawal relationship, the UK would lose its driving seat for research and innovation within the EU, which would be a loss for both sides.’

Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Box 9.5