All persons employed directly on R&D, as well as those providing direct services such as R&D managers, administrators and clerical staff during a given year expressed as a proportion of 1,000 employed people.
Number of R&D personnel during a given year divided by the total employed people and multiplied by 1,000.
R&D surveys.
Adapted from OECD (2002), Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, §294-299.