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This policy brief is Part 2 of a three-part series entitled “Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Zambia,” reporting on progress, gaps, and existing challenges in SRH&R; related to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Increasing children’s and young people’s knowledge on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) is seen as a critical component in reducing a large number of challenges in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), including HIV and AIDS, teenage marriage, and teenage pregnancy in particular. While access to education remains a challenge for many children in the region, the provision of comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) in school settings is considered an effective way to educate children and young people on SRHR. …
This brief discusses the effectiveness of comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) in preventing HIV, and lists key findings and recommendations. It concludes that CSE is effective in decreasing HIV risk factors in adolescents and young people, and improving sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in general, including creating demand for SRH services. …
This report analyses over 2000 primary and secondary school inspection reports for 2015/16. The report’s main findings are as follows: -SRE was mentioned by inspectors in less than 1% of reports and PSHE in just 14% of reports, fewer than almost all other established subjects, including history (36%), geography (26%), music (31%), and art (31%). -Mentions of sexual health, safe sex, and related topics were almost entirely absent from inspectors’ reports, with only 1% of reports referring to these issues. …
Policy-makers making decisions on the implementation of school-based sexuality education (SE) programmes face two important questions: (1) what are the costs of implementing and scaling up SE programmes, and (2) what are the impacts? This paper responds to these questions by retrospectively assessing costs, impact and cost-effectiveness of the national school-based SE programme in Estonia 1997–2009. The three-year curriculum had been taught to 190,000 students at the end of 2009. The cost of reaching one student was USD 32.90 and the total costs were USD 5.6 million. …
CONTEXT: Curriculum-based sexuality and HIV education is a mainstay of interventions to prevent STIs, HIV and unintended pregnancy among young people. Evidence links traditional gender norms, unequal power in sexual relationships and intimate partner violence with negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. However, little attention has been paid to analyzing whether addressing gender and power in sexuality education curricula is associated with better outcomes. …
Preparing children and adolescents for sexual safety and reproductive responsibility lies at the heart and purpose of puberty/sexuality education. The document of International Technical Guidance released by UNESCO in December 2009 aims to provide an evidence-based and rights-based platform offering children and adolescents vital knowledge about relationships, sexuality, reproduction and HIV/AIDS, within a structured teaching and learning process in the compulsory school years. …
Policy-makers who are making decisions on sexuality education programs face important economic questions: what are the costs of developing sexuality education programs; and what are the costs of implementing and scaling them up? This study responds to these questions by assessing the costs of six school-based sexuality education programs (Nigeria, Kenya, Indonesia, India, Estonia and the Netherlands). Cost analyses were carried out in schools that were fully implementing a SE program, as this best reflects the resources needed to run an effective program. …
In December 2010, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) organized a Global Consultation on Sexuality Education, in Bogota, Colombia, to discuss the most effective approaches to sexuality education that promote human rights, advance gender equality and improve sexual and reproductive health. The consultation brought together some 80 practitioners and programmers from more than 36 countries. …
Costing and cost-effectiveness data for HIV prevention programmes are important tools for decision-makers. In many countries, HIV prevention efforts for young people have increasingly focused on schools, with many ministries of education in the process of scaling up school-based sexuality education programmes. However, most ministries of education are implementing programmes without an adequate understanding of how much the programmes cost per learner or per HIV/STIs or unintended pregnancy averted. …
A review of the revised Adolescence Education Programme module developed by the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) and the Ministry of Human Resources and Development.
Attitudes and roles regarding gender are an important determinant of sexual health outcomes (including age at first sex, number of sexual partners, frequency of adolescent intercourse, use of condoms and contraceptives, and HIV infection). Fostering young people's critical reflection about gender role socialization has been proven to change attitudes and to lead to healthier sexual behavior. This checklist can help you assess how effectively your curriculum is addressing these issues and help you identify changes that can strengthen your curriculum. …
While we have learned a good deal about effective sexuality and HIV education, we can do much better. Several areas of research suggest that it is time to develop and test a "social studies" approach to sex and HIV education - one that starts earlier and fosters critical thinking skills, gender equality, and human rights. Such an effort may have important lessons for improved sexual and reproductive health outcomes and contribute to other aspects of young people's preparation for active, informed participation in civil society.
This report is based on a meeting held June 10-11th, 2010, in Washington, DC. …
Between January and June 2006, the Ministry of Education, supported by UNICEF and the Global Fund through the Ministry of Health, conducted the delivery of a pilot curriculum for Health and Family Life Education [HFLE] in 21 of 24 selected schools. The HFLE curriculum which was pilot tested was developed in the context of an existing National Policy for Health and Family Life Education in Jamaica. The Policy was revised in 1999. The spread of HIV/AIDS has led to the special inclusion of HIV/AIDS education as a special focus of HFLE. …
