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The downstream impacts of AIDS on individuals and households are well understood and documented. The economic impacts of AIDS are proportionately greater for poor. The economic impact at higher levels of aggregation (such as on the gross national income (GNI) is less well understood, being inferred from modelling work rather than empirical measurement, but is thought to be important in the long run, particularly in high prevalence countries, such as in southern Africa. Evidence of the upstream effects of poverty and social deprivation on HIV infection is rather mixed. …