Grade repetition
Publisher: IIEPSerie: Education Policy Series
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“Grade repetition” (sometimes referred to as “grade retention”) occurs when students are held in the same
grade for an extra year rather than being promoted to a higher grade along with their age peers. In some school
systems grade repetition is seen as a valid corrective action that should be taken in cases of academic failure.
In other school systems grade repetition is not permitted, and instead the policy for all pupils is “social promotion”
whereby students pass automatically to the next grade with their peers and – if required – receive remedial
academic assistance. The booklet takes a close look at the issues surrounding the implementation and effects
of grade repetition. This analysis commences with an examination of the fi ve major reasons for the decision to
repeat and the sources of that decision (students, families, and schools). The author also points out that the reasons
for applying grade repetition often differ across developed and developing countries.
The booklet then moves on to examine the effects of grade repetition along three important dimensions:
(a) the effects on academic achievement – where research has indicated short-term gains and long-term problems
because grade-repeaters eventually fall further behind; (b) the effects on student self-esteem, peer relationships,
and attitudes towards school – with negative outcomes in these areas leading to increased risks of dropping out;
and (c) the effects on school operations – whereby high levels of grade repetition can lead to increased class sizes
and classroom management problems (due to large age differences among pupils in the same classroom).
The overall conclusions of the booklet suggest that that the application of grade repetition brings extra costs and
long-term negative academic and social consequences.
| Divers | |
| Authors | Brophy, Jere |
| Country | |
| ISBN | 92-803-1297-9 |
| Date of publication | 2006 |
| Number of pages | 33 p. |
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