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Manufacture of cowbells

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Inscribed in 2015 (10.COM) on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding

© David Mira, 2014

The Portuguese cowbell is an idiophone percussion instrument with a single internal clapper, usually hung on a leather strap around an animal’s neck. It is traditionally used by shepherds to locate and control their livestock, and creates an unmistakable soundscape in rural areas. The cowbells are handmade from iron, which is cold-hammered and folded on an anvil until it is cup-shaped. Small pieces of copper or tin are set around the iron and enveloped in a mixture of clay and straw. The piece is fired, then plunged into cold water for rapid cooling. Finally, the burnt clay is removed, the copper- or tin-covered iron is polished and the tone of the bell is fine-tuned. The technical expertise involved is transmitted within the family from fathers to sons. Alcáçovas in Portugal is the main centre for manufacture of cowbells and its inhabitants take great pride in this heritage. However, this practice is increasingly becoming unsustainable due to recent socioeconomic changes. New grazing methods have largely obviated the need for shepherds and cowbells are increasingly made using cheaper industrial techniques. At present, there are only 11 surviving workshops and 13 cowbell makers, 9 of whom are over 70 years old.

João Manuel Santos, cowbell maker, Bragança
Manuel Antunes Cecílio, master cowbell maker, Asseiceira
Feliciano de Jesus Sim Sim, cowbell maker, Ereira
António Augusto Sim Sim, master cowbell maker, and Rui Marcos Sim Sim Gonçalves, cowbell maker, Estremoz
Joaquim José Veladas Correia, master cowbell maker, Reguengos de Monsaraz
Guilerme José Fortes Reis Maia, cowbell maker, José Luís Reis Maia, master cowbell maker, and Francisco António Cardoso, master cowbell maker, Alcáçovas
Gregório Guerreiro Sim Sim, master cowbell maker, Alcáçovas
Joaquim Manuel Vidazinha Sim Sim, master cowbell maker, Alcáçovas
João Chibeles Penetra, master cowbell maker, Alcáçovas
Adelino Remorinho Timóteo, shepherd, Herdade das Peeiras
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