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El ‘pencak–silat’ y sus prácticas tradicionales

Inscrito en 2019 (14.COM) en la Lista Representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad

Además de su dimensión deportiva, el arte marcial tradicional denominado “pencak–silat” engloba aspectos relacionados con el ámbito mental y espiritual, la práctica de la autodefensa y el arte. En los movimientos y estilos del “pencak–silat” influyen muy considerablemente diversos elementos artísticos basados en la unidad del cuerpo y de su movimiento adaptado al acompañamiento musical. El término “pencak”, usado sobre todo en Java, y el vocablo “silat”, más extendido en Sumatra Occidental, designan un conjunto de artes marciales muy similares. Además de sus denominaciones específicas, cada región posee sus propios movimientos, estilos, acompañamientos, músicas y equipos (vestuario, instrumentos musicales y armas tradicionales). Los practicantes de este elemento del patrimonio cultural inmaterial aprenden a mantener viva su relación con Dios, los seres humanos y la naturaleza, así como a dominar diferentes técnicas para afrontar ataques o situaciones peligrosas basándose en los siguientes principios: autodefenderse, proteger al prójimo, evitar herir al agresor y fomentar el espíritu de camaradería entre los adeptos al “pencak–silat”. Esta práctica sociocultural fortalece los vínculos de compañerismo, preserva el orden social y anima las ceremonias rituales. Los conocimientos y competencias prácticas que guardan relación con este elemento se suelen adquirir en centros de enseñanza no formal, y comprenden el aprendizaje de expresiones y tradiciones orales conexas (saludos, frases filosóficas, poemas con rima, proverbios y canciones), así como la formación en técnicas para tocar instrumentos musicales.

The social function of Pencak Silat is to strengthen comradeship among school members, maintain social order and provide entertainment for ritual ceremonies.
Pencak Silat moves and style are a unity of body movement (wiraga), movement feeling (wirasa) and movement fit the accompaniment music (wirama). The supporting equipment for Pencak Silat includes costumes, music instruments and traditional weapons.
Every region has assimilated the Pencak Silat traditions with their local culture, such as types of accompaniment music along with the musical instrument, costumes, forms of oral tradition and expressions, weapons, etc. without removing the values of Pencak Silat.
The supporting equipment for Pencak Silat includes costumes, music instrument and traditional weapon.
Knowledge of Pencak Silat values and meanings are shared by coaches or masters. The mental spiritual education process starts immediately once the disciple is accepted to the school.
These practitioners are also trained in various techniques to deal with attacks or other dangerous situations based on principles to protect him or herself as well as others, avoid harming the offender and build comradeship.
Pencak Silat is commonly taught through non-formal education in Pencak Silat schools using methods and traits of transmission that are accustomed to each school.
Pencak Silat can be learned by anyone, both men and women of all ages and nationalities, including the disabled.
Skills particularly related to style and technique are taught to the disciples by example. Several schools also teach disciples on how to adjust styles and techniques according to the accompaniment.
Pencak Silat practitioners are taught to maintain their relationship with God, human beings and nature.
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