Many medium- and long-term policies and plans for sustainable cultural development have been developed and implemented by the government for years. The following are some relevant main policies and plans: 1. Law 17 of 2007 on the 2005-2025 National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN); 2. Presidential Regulation 2 of 2015 on the 2015-2019 National Medium-term Development Plan (RPJMN); 3. Presidential Regulation 18 of 2020 on the 2020-2024 RPJMN; 4. Presidential Regulation 60 of 2015 on the Government Work Plan (RKP) for 2016; 5. Presidential Regulation 72 of 2018 on the RKP for 2019; 6. Head of the Creative Economy Agency Regulation 8 of 2017 on the 2015-2019 Strategic Plan of the Creative Economy Agency; and 7. Presidential Regulation 59 of 2017 on Implementing the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. In the 2005-2025 RPJPN, the crisis associated with weak cultural resilience, especially when dealing with the rapid flow of global culture, is considered to be one of the main problems that will be addressed through developing the nation and character. Harmony is needed between economic development which will improve the standard of living and welfare of the community, and character building which will improve the self-reliance of the community. Economic well-being coupled with the self-reliance of the individual will be resulted in community resilience with resilient, competitive and dignified society. Efforts to realize a progressively competitive and dignified society will be faster achieved if supported not only by economic development but also by other development fields. Even though the 2005-2025 RPJPN was developed by the Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency, its implementation is to be carried out by all relevant ministries and government institutions of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, strengthening cultural resilience should be underpinned by all ministries and government institutions, with the largest being the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. During the last four years, implementation of the RPJPN has been translated into two separate medium-term development plans, which are the 2015-2019 RPJMN and the 2020-2024 RPJMN. In the 2015-2019 RPJMN, the power of culture is integrated into the National Development Agenda No 6.8 namely Carrying Out a Revolution of the Nation's Character of which policy direction and strategy for realizing this agenda is through encouraging increased understanding of social plurality and cultural diversity in society, which impacts on the willingness to building social harmony, fostering respect and tolerance, and maintaining unity in diversity. During the implementation of the 2015-2019 RPJMN, the government also launched “The National Movement of the Mental Revolution (GNRM)” to encourage the development of Indonesian people. Thus, while in the 2015-2019 RPJMN cultural strategies appear only in the context of developing national character, it is in line with the narrative in 2005-2025 RPJPN which places culture greatly as a strategic foundation. Meanwhile, the 2020-2024 RPJMN is the last part of the 2005-2025 RPJPN, hence making it very crucial. RPJMN 2020-2024 will impact the development target of RPJPN, where Indonesia’s income per capita is targeted to reach the welfare level equivalent to the income per capita in other upper-middle income countries with better infrastructure, better quality of human resources and public services, as well as better welfare for the people. Maintaining sustainability is one of the main principles to ensure that development endeavors meet the current needs of the Indonesian people without compromising the capacity of future generations in meeting their needs. Specifically, maintaining sustainability is done through taking into consideration the socio-cultural patterns and values in society to foster an inclusive development and social interaction as a system of mutual support towards development coherence. One of the seven National Development Agendas of the 2020-2024 RPJMN is Building the Culture and Character of the Nation. This agenda is aimed at forming a nation-wide cultural-based mentality that is disciplined with forward-thinking work ethics, based on honesty, law-abiding, and perseverance characteristics. The character development is set holistically and integrated, involving the whole components of the nation through (1) strengthening of the nation’s cultural resilience; (2) advancement of culture; (3) increased understanding, practices, and appreciation of religious values; (4) increased quality and resilience of families; and (5) increased cultural literacy. In addition, to accelerate the achievement of the National Development Target, the 2020-2024 RPJMN has set six mainstreaming approaches. One of approaches is mainstreaming socio-cultural capital, which is aimed at internalizing cultural values and utilizing cultural wealth as a driving force and basic capital in the development. Supporting cultural resilience and freedom of expression are implicit in the indicators for mainstreaming socio-cultural capital, which include (1) socially inclusive society (tolerance, gender equality, and inclusiveness); (2) social cohesion (cooperation, networking, collective action, and social trust); (3) ecosystem-based communal Intellectual Property Rights; (4) percentage of Certified Traditional Territory; (5) Cultural Economic Export Value in comparison to the Total Export Value; and (6) society participation in their respective neighbourhood activities. Presidential Regulation 60 of 2015 on the RKP of 2016 serves as the second year elaboration of the 2015-2019 RPJMN. As mandated in Law 25 of 2004 on the National Development Planning System, this RKP contains development priorities, macro-economic framework designs, ministries/non-ministerial agencies programmes, and cross-sectoral/cross-regional indicative regulatory frameworks and funding frameworks. In the 2016 RKP matrix, increasing cultural resilience is included in the Cross-Sectoral Development Matrix on Mental Revolution, where there are three development targets that specifically mainstreaming culture into development priorities. They are: 1. Development of Human Resources and Socio-Cultural Capital of Village Communities. The target is to increase services for community empowerment and the development of social and cultural characteristics by formulating 1005 social cohesion indexes. This target is under the Ministry of Villages, Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration, but there is no clear allocation of funds therein. 2. Enhancement of Teachers and Education Workforce Competencies. The target is to increase the number of teachers who are competent in the Arts and Culture by 3,128 people in 2016, with 28.1 billion Rupiah fund allocation. 3. Improvement of Micro Business-based Sustainable Livelihoods implemented under the Ministry of Cooperatives & SMEs Development of HR. The targets are to improve the quality of micro business human resources in running and developing their businesses in a sustainable manner by providing training on micro business to 12,500 people and 100 business skills practice units (TPKU). The total budget for these two target examples is 113 billion Rupiah. However, this support to MSME does not specifically mention MSMEs in the field of arts and culture. Thus, from the examples above, it can be seen that special budget allocated for culture as an integral part of development was not too significant in development targets in 2016. In the Presidential Regulation 72 of 2018 on the RKP of 2019, it is stated that cultural development is directed at the preservation and advancement of culture to enhance the role of culture in development through: 1. strengthening national character that is reliant, competitive, having high morals, and science-oriented; 2. increasing appreciation of diversity in arts and cultural-based creative industries by providing adequate tools, as well as facilitating the production of films with special messages on mental revolution and social restoration; 3. enhancing the protection, development, and utilization of cultural heritage, and building up a structured and accurate cultural heritage registration system; 4. increasing cultural promotion across regions and promoting Indonesian culture to foreign countries; and 5. improving the quality of human resources, archeological research and development, and facilities and infrastructure for the development of cultural elements of the community. Specifically in terms of creative economy, Head of the Creative Economy Agency Regulation 8 of 2017 on the 2015-2019 Strategic Plan of the Creative Economy Agency stated that in order to establish creative economy as the new power of the Indonesian economy, Indonesia will need to develop an ecosystem that (1) supports the growth of new creative economy, (2) improve the additional value of creative products in the national economy, and (3) establish flagship creative economy products that are globally recognized and appreciated. The ecosystem will be developed using a holistic, integrative, thematic, and spatial approach comprising of (1) the development and implementation of creative economy policies, (2) protection of IPRs, (3) access to capital resources, (4) access to markets, (5) forward and backward linkage facilitation, as well as (6) fiscal incentives. Three strategic targets were set to be achieved by 2019, which are (1) increased Creative Economy GDP Growth of 6.75%, (2) workforce of 17 million people; and (3) creative product export value of USD 21.5 billion. Lastly, in line with Indonesia's commitment in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, the Government issued Presidential Regulation 59 of 2017 on Implementing the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals, hence, all policies contained in the long-term, medium-term, and short-term government development plans and work plans should be aligned with the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. In general, the development of Medium and Long-term Sustainable Cultural Development Policies and Plans are aimed at contributing to the realization of the following National Strategy for Culture (see Goal 1, Main Policies and Measures that Contain Strategies and Frameworks for the Development of the Integrated Cultural and Creative Economy Sector): 1. Provide space for the diversity of cultural expressions and encourage cultural interaction to strengthen the inclusiveness of culture (Agenda 1); 2. Protect and develop values, expressions, and practices of traditional culture to enrich national culture (Agenda 2); 3. Develop and utilize cultural resources to strengthen the position of Indonesia internationally (Agenda 3); 4. Utilize advancement of culture objects to improve people welfare (Agenda 4); 5. Advancement of culture that protects the biodiversity and strengthens the ecosystems (Agenda 5); 6. Institutional reform and cultural budgeting to support the advancement of culture agenda (Agenda 6); and 7. Strengthen the role of government as facilitator in the advancement of culture (Agenda 7).

Several policies and measures to evaluate national development plans and strategies have been developed by the government during the 2016-2020 period. Some of the key policies and relevant measures to be reported are: 1. Minister of National Development Planning/Head of National Development Planning Agency Regulation 7 of 2018 on Coordination, Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals; 2. Presidential Regulation 65 of 2018 on Procedures for Formulation of Regional Cultural Principles and Cultural Strategies; and 3. Cultural Development Index. In accordance with the Presidential Regulation 59 of 2017 on Implementing the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (see Goal 3, Medium- and Long-term Sustainable Cultural Development Policies and Plans), the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of the Development Planning Agency is mandated as the Implementing Coordinator of the National Coordinating Team (NCT) in Indonesia. As a follow up to this Presidential Regulation, in 2018 the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of the Development Planning Agency stipulated the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of the Development Planning Agency Regulation 7 of 2018 on Coordination, Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. At the national level, the 2015-2019 RPJMN (see Goal 3, Medium and Long-term Sustainable Cultural Development Policies and Plans) is a five-year planning document which constitutes the basis for all ministries and government institutions in formulating their respective Strategic Plan and for local government in preparing their Regional Medium Term Development Plans (RPJMD). The 2015-2019 RPJMN is the third phase of implementation of the 2005-2025 RPJPN (see Goal 3, Medium and Long-term Sustainable Cultural Development Policies and Plans). Mainstreaming the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals into the 2015-2019 RPJMN and the RKP of 2016 and 2019 is carried out in the form of policies, programmes, activities, measurable indicators, and sources of financing. In line with Goal 11 of the SDGs to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, one of the sub-agendas of the 2015-2019 RPJMN is focusing on Sustainable Urban Housing and Settlement Areas through: 1. The realization of the National Urban System (SPN); 2. Accelerating the fulfillment of Urban Service Standards (SPP); 3. Creating green cities with climate and disaster resilience; 4. Developing smart cities that are competitive and based on technology and local culture; and 5. Increasing the governance capacity of urban development. Based on Presidential Regulation 65 of 2018 on Procedures for Formulation of Regional Cultural Principles and Cultural Strategies (see Goal 1, Measures that Support CSO Participation in Policy Design), the regional cultural principles are documents containing existing cultural resources in the regions, the problems faced by the regions in their efforts to promote culture, and the proposed solutions to address the problems. The Regional Cultural Principles were streamlined into the Provincial Cultural Principles which later served as the foundation of the National Strategy for Culture (see Goal 1, Main Policies and Measures that Contain Strategies and Frameworks for the Development of an Integrated Cultural and Creative Economy Sector). The Master Plan for Cultural Advancement (RIPK) (see Goal 1, Main Policies and Measures that Contain Strategies and Frameworks for the Development of an Integrated Cultural and Creative Economy Sector) is a series of cultural planning documents prepared in stages based on the results of monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of cultural related national development plans and strategies. Another measure developed by the government to evaluate the implementation of cultural related national development plans and strategies is the Cultural Development Index (IPK) (see Goal 1, Information Systems and Cultural Statistics Used in Policy Development). In general, the policies and measures to evaluate national development plans and strategies contribute to the realization of the following National Strategy for Culture (see Goal 1, Main Policies and Measures that Contain Strategies and Frameworks for the Development of an Integrated Cultural and Creative Economy Sector): 1. Provide space for the diversity of cultural expressions and encourage cultural interaction to strengthen the inclusiveness of culture (Agenda 1); 2. Protect and develop values, expressions, and practices of traditional culture to enrich national culture (Agenda 2); 3. Develop and utilize cultural resources to strengthen the position of Indonesia internationally (Agenda 3); 4. Utilize advancement of culture objects to improve people welfare (Agenda 4); 5. Advancement of culture that protects the biodiversity and strengthens the ecosystems (Agenda 5); 6. Institutional reform and cultural budgeting to support the advancement of culture agenda (Agenda 6); and 7. Strengthen the role of government as facilitator in the advancement of culture (Agenda 7).

The following are some notable programmes that have been implemented in Indonesia to increase participation in and access to diverse cultural expressions: 1. Indonesiana Cultural Platform; 2. National Cultural Week; and 3. House of Indonesian Culture. The Indonesiana cultural platform (see Goal 2, Cultural Programmes and Activities Supporting the Mobility of Artists and Cultural Professionals between Developing and Developed Countries) is a programme to support cultural activities in Indonesia and aimed at strengthening the management of cultural activities to become more sustainable, well-connected and developed. Through a more professional management, it is hoped that artists and public participation in and access to the diversity of cultural expressions will increase significantly, especially participation in and access to the cultural events such as performances, festivals, exhibitions, etc. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) in collaboration with the cultural communities and groups organized the 2019 National Cultural Week (Pekan Kebudayaan Nasional/PKN). This National Cultural Week gathered 58 art groups (sanggar) and galleries, as well as 31 artists and musicians. In addition, this one-week series of events also gathered 453 members of the committee team, 379 participants in a series of exhibitions, 3265 participants and performers in the daily events, 4233 participants and performers in the cultural parade, more than 8000 people as guests/invitees, and more than 150,000 visitors. PKN was designed as a cultural space with the government – in this case the Ministry of Education and Culture, plays the role as facilitator – providing a public space/forum for the communities to express their cultural diversity. PKN serves as a space/forum to increase access to the diversity of cultural expressions, in which the role of the cultural communities is key in building a creative, participatory and inclusive culture. As a follow up to the PKN, Local Governments are encouraged to organize Regional Cultural Week at their respective regional levels, both at the provincial, district and municipality levels. Another programme which increases participation in and access to diverse cultural expressions is the House of Indonesian Culture (Rumah Budaya Indonesia/RBI). The RBI has been reported in Indonesia’s 2016 Quadrennial Periodic Report. Since the time of that report, new Houses of Indonesian Culture have been established in 19 countries, namely the United States, Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, China, India, Japan , Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Thailand, Timor Leste, the Philippines, Myanmar and Turkey. The RBI establishment in these 19 countries is a continuation to the 10 previously established RBIs. RBI usually has three programmes, namely (1) Cultural Learning, where foreign citizens or Indonesian diaspora can learn Indonesian culture at RBI; (2) Cultural Expression, which is usually done through organizing Indonesian cultural festivals or participation of Indonesian diaspora in local cultural festivals; and (3) Advocacy and Promotion on Indonesian culture. The Education and Culture Attaché in each of these countries has the duty to organize cultural activities which will be supported by the Directorate of Diplomacy and Cultural Heritage, the Center for Development of Language Strategy and Diplomacy (PPSDB), and the Center for Film Development (Pusbang Film). In general, the programmes to increase participation in and access to the diversity of cultural expressions are aimed at contributing to the realization of the following National Strategy for Culture (see Goal 1, Main Policies and Measures that Contain Strategies and Frameworks for the Development of the Integrated Cultural and Creative Economy Sector): 1. Provide space for the diversity of cultural expressions and encourage cultural interaction to strengthen the inclusiveness of culture (Agenda 1); 2. Protect and develop values, expressions, and practices of traditional culture to enrich national culture (Agenda 2); and 3. Strengthen the role of government as facilitator in the advancement of culture (Agenda 7).