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Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica

Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica

Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, part of the Mesoamerican region, is the arid or semi-arid zone with the richest biodiversity in all of North America. Consisting of three components, Zapotitlán-Cuicatlán, San Juan Raya and Purrón, it is one of the main centres of diversification for the cacti family, which is critically endangered worldwide. The valley harbours the densest forests of columnar cacti in the world, shaping a unique landscape that also includes agaves, yuccas and oaks. Archaeological remains demonstrate technological developments and the early domestication of crops. The valley presents an exceptional water management system of canals, wells, aqueducts and dams, the oldest in the continent, which has allowed for the emergence of agricultural settlements.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Vallée de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán : habitat originel de Méso-Amérique

La vallée de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, qui fait partie de la région méso-américaine, est la zone aride ou semi-aride la plus riche en biodiversité de toute l’Amérique du Nord. Composé de trois éléments -  Zapotitlán-Cuicatlán, San Juan Raya et Purrón -, ce bein est l'un des principaux centres de diversification de la famille des cactus, très menacée au niveau mondial. La vallée abrite notamment les forêts de cactus tubulaires les plus denses de la planète, qui modèlent un paysage unique également composé d’agaves, de yuccas ou encore de chênes. Les traces archéologiques révèlent par ailleurs un processus d'évolution technique qui reflète la domestication précoce des végétaux. La vallée présente un système exceptionnel de gestion de l'eau constitué de canaux, de puits, d'aqueducs et de barrages qui sont les plus anciens du continent et ont permis la sédentarisation de communautés vivant de l'agriculture.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

وادي تهوكان-سويكاتلان: موطن أصلي في منطقة وسط أمريكا
يعدّ وادي تهوكان-سويكاتلان، الواقع في منطقة وسط أمريكا، المنطقة القاحلة وشبه القاحلة الأكثر غنى بالتنوع البيولوجي في أمريكا الشمالية. ويعدّ هذا الموقع، الذي يتألف من ثلاثة عناصر، هي: زابوتيتلان-سويكاتلاتن، وسان جوان رايا، وبورون، أحد المراكز الرئيسية لأصناف متنوعة من عائلة الصبار المعرضة لتهديد كبير على الصعيد العالمي. ويعد الوادي على وجه التحديد موطناً لغابات الصبار العمودية الأكثر كثافة على وجه الأرض، والتي تشكّل منظراً فريداً يتألف أيضاً من الصبار ونبات اليوكا وأشجار البلوط. وتكشف الآثار عملية تطور تقني يجسّد التوطين المبكر للنباتات. ويمثّل الوادي نظاماً استثنائياً لإدارة المياه من خلال القنوات والآبار والممرات المائية والسدود التي تعدّ أقدم المنشآت المائية في القارة، وقد ساعدت على استقرار المجتمعات التي تعيش على الزراعة.

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

特瓦坎-奎卡特兰山谷:中部美洲的原始栖息地
特瓦坎-奎卡特兰山谷位于中部美洲地区,是北美(含中部美洲)生物多样性最丰富的干旱或半干旱地区。遗产地由3个部分(Zapotitlán-Cuictlán、San Juan Raya和Purrón)组成,是在全球范围内都处于严重濒危状态的仙人掌科植物的主要多样化中心之一。山谷拥有世界上最密集的仙人柱森林,其中还有龙舌兰、丝兰和橡树,这些植物共同构成独特的景观。考古遗迹证明了这里的技术发展水平和农作物早期驯化状况。山谷有由运河、水井、取水点和大坝组成的该大陆最古老的水利系统,为农业定居点的出现提供了支撑。

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Долина Техуакан-Куйкатлан: Мезоамериканская естественная среда обитания
Являющаяся частью Мезоамериканского региона, долина Техуакан-Куйкатлан представляет собой засушливую или полузасушливую зону с самым высоким уровнем биологического разнообразия на всей территории Северной Америки. Этот системный объект состоит из трех элементов: Запотитлан-Куйкатлан, Сан-Хуан-Райя и Пуррон. Долина Техуакан-Куйкатлан является одним из основных центров разнообразия семейства кактусовых, находящегося под угрозой исчезновения в глобальном масштабе. В долине растут самые густые на планете леса столбчатых кактусов, образующие уникальный ландшафт, состоящий также из агав, юкк и дубов. Кроме того, археологические находки свидетельствуют о техническом прогрессе, отражающем раннее использование дикорастущих растений. В долине действует уникальная система управления водными ресурсами, состоящая из каналов, колодцев, акведуков и плотин. Эти самые древние на континенте механизмы способствовали возникновению сельскохозяйственных поселений.

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán - Hábitat originario de Mesoamérica
El valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, en la región mesoamericana, es la zona árida o semiárida con mayor diversidad biológica de toda América del Norte. Sitio serial compuesto de tres elementos –Zapotitlán-Cuicatlán, San Juan Raya y Purrón– el valle es uno de los principales centros de diversificación de los cactus, una familia botánica en serio peligro en todo el mundo. El sitio alberga en particular los bosques de cactáceas columnares más densos del planeta, que modelan un paisaje único conformado también por la presencia de magueyes, yucas y encinas. Los vestigios arqueológicos revelan además un proceso de evolución técnica que refleja la domesticación precoz de los vegetales. El valle presenta también un sistema excepcional de gestión del agua, constituido por canales, pozos, acueductos y presas que son los más antiguos del continente y permitieron la sedentarización de comunidades que vivieron de la agricultura.

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

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Tehuacan Landscape © CHAC
Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán: originary habitat of Mesoamerica is located in central-southern Mexico, at the southeast of the State of Puebla and north of the State of Oaxaca. The property is a serial site of some 145,255 ha composed of three components: Zapotitlán-Cuicatlán, San Juan Raya and Purrón. All these share the same buffer zone of some 344,932 ha. The entire property is located within the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. The property coincides with a global biodiversity hotspot and lies within an arid or semiarid zone with one of the highest levels of biological diversity in North America, giving rise to human adaptations crucial to the emergence of Mesoamerica, one of the cradles of civilisation in the world.

Of the 36 plant communities, 15 different xeric shrublands are exclusive to the Tehuacán- Cuicatlán Valley. The valley includes representatives of a remarkable 70% of worldwide flora families and includes over 3,000 species of vascular plants of which 10% are endemic to the Valley. It is also a global centre of agrobiodiversity and diversification for numerous groups of plants, in which the cacti stand out, with 28 genera and 86 species of which 21 are endemic. Large “cacti-forests” shape some landscapes of the Valley making it one of the most unique areas in the world.

The property exhibits the impressively high levels of faunal diversity known in this region including very high levels of endemism among mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. It also hosts an unusually high number of threatened species with some 38 listed under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The property is one of the richest protected areas in Mexico in terms of terrestrial mammals (134 species registered, two of them endemic to the Valley). The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley is part of the Balsas Region and Interior Oaxaca Endemic Bird Area (EBA). There are 353 bird species recorded, of which nine are endemic to Mexico. The property has eight known roosting areas of the threatened Green Macaw including a breeding colony.

The vast biodiversity of the Valley, combined with the adverse conditions of a desert, gave rise to one of the largest and best documented cultural sequences in the Americas. The archaeological evidence reveals the long sequence of human adaptations that took place in the area for over 12,000 years. The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley is an exceptional example of a long process of adaptations and ancient technological evolution that defined the cultural region known today as Mesoamerica.

The arid conditions of the Valley triggered innovation and creativity, originating two of the major technological advances of human history: 1) plant domestication, which in the Valley is one of the most ancient worldwide, and 2) development of water management technologies resulting in a wide array of water management elements, such as canals, wells, terraces, aqueducts and dams which make it the most diversified ancient irrigation complex of the continent. Consequently, water management technological features were the ruling guide for the civilisational process that was developed in the Valley throughout thousands of years. Furthermore, these technological advances had a multiplying effect and fostered the discovery of other innovations like salt industry and pottery, which were essential to the organisation and complexity of the first civilisations.

The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica is an invaluable and irreplaceable heritage of humanity.

Criterion (iv): The technological ensemble of water management of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, along with other archaeological evidences such as the remains found in caves, plant domestication sites and agriculture, use of wild species, salt ponds and pottery, mark a stage of the utmost importance for the Mesoamerican region: the appearance and development of one of the oldest civilisations in the world. Located throughout the Valley, these technologies bear unique evidence of the constant adaptation of humans to the environment and reflect their innovative capacity to face the adverse environmental conditions in the area.

Criterion (x): The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley demonstrates exceptional levels of biological diversity in an arid and semiarid zone in North America. A remarkable 70% of worldwide floral families are represented in the Valley, by at least one species, and the area is one of the main centres of diversification for the cacti family, which is highly threatened worldwide. A remarkable diversity of cacti exists within the property often in exceptional densities of up to 1,800 columnar cacti per hectare. The property exhibits particularly high diversity among other plant types, namely the agaves, yuccas, bromeliads, bursera and oaks. Worldwide, it hosts one of the highest animal biodiversity levels in a dryland, at least with regard to taxa such as amphibians, reptiles and birds. The property coincides with one of the most important protected areas worldwide for the conservation of threatened species encompassing over 10% of the global distribution range of four amphibian species, and is ranked as the one of the two most important protected areas in the world for the conservation of seven amphibian and three bird species. The biodiversity of this region has a long history of sustaining human development and today a third of the total diversity of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, some 1,000 species, are used by local people.

Integrity

The property is of sufficient overall size and contains the key representative habitats and plant communities of the floristic province Tehuacán-Cuicatlán and all the relevant cultural elements that convey its Outstanding Universal Value. The three components include relatively undisturbed areas of high conservation value and the 22 selected archaeological sites, and are embedded within a larger buffer zone all of which coincides with the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. Further protection is afforded by the biosphere reserve’s larger transitional zone.

The management systems in place addresses the various threats to the area and establish objectives, strategies and specific actions in coordination with key local, national and international stakeholders in order to deal with these threats, including any adverse effects of development.

Authenticity

The component sites still maintain their original condition, with the obvious weathering deteriorating effects of time over millennia, but without any major disturbance in their main physical and spiritual attributes. Thanks to the investigation methods used, the sites are still unaltered and the system of sites as a whole has been preserved.

Protection and management requirements

The property Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica has effective legal protection to ensure the maintenance of its Outstanding Universal Value. The archaeological sites not yet listed in the national registry of the National Institute for Anthropology and History (INAH), are in the process of being included. At the time of inscription the property had a recently updated Strategic Management Plan which aims to integrate the management of natural heritage with archaeological features through a series of interrelated objectives. The plan provides a description of natural and cultural assets within the framework of a mixed World Heritage property and prescribes additional measures for the conservation and management of intangible cultural heritage, such as linguistic diversity and communities’ sustainable development.

The institutions in charge of implementing protective measures are the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP), the Federal Attorney General for Environmental Protection and the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). For monitoring of biodiversity the National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity and the National Forestry Commission coordinate with CONANP. All these institutions work together with the Administration Office of the Tehuacán- Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. Ongoing efforts are needed to ensure full integration and institutional coordination across issues related to natural and cultural heritage in accordance with the respective mandates of CONANP and INAH. The National Institute of Anthropology and History, through the National Coordination for Archaeology, is committed to provide the periodical reports on management, research and monitoring on cultural heritage. Both managing institutions are actively working with local communities and efforts to strengthen these approaches are ongoing.

In comparison to other regions the population density is low, and current and potential threats are considered to be quite limited as well. Tourism use at the time of inscription was relatively minimal, however, has the potential to grow rapidly. A Nature Tourism Strategy for the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve (2018-2023) seeks to balance the protection of the property’s Outstanding Universal Value with fostering responsible visitation that empowers local communities. Priority needs to be given to the adaptive implementation of this strategy based on monitoring the impacts.