Science,technology and innovation : 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP

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EDUCATION
- Sustainable Development Goals
  - Sustainable Development Goals (full dataset)
  - Education 2030 Framework for Action
    - Government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP
      - Government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP
  - Goal 1
    - Target 1.a: Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
      - 1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection)
        1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education)
  - Goal 4
    - Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
    - Target 4.2: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education
    - Target 4.3: By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
    - Target 4.4: By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
    - Target 4.5: By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
    - Target 4.6: By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy
    - Target 4.7: By 2030, ensure all learners acquire knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including among others through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship, and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
    - Target 4.a: Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all
      - 4.a.1 Proportion of schools offering basic services, by type of service
        4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to basic facilities, all schools
      - 4.a.2 Percentage of students experiencing bullying in the last 12 months in a) primary and b) lower secondary education
      - 4.a.3 Number of attacks on students, personnel and institutions
    - Target 4.b: By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training, information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries
      - 4.b.1 Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships by sector and type of study
    - Target 4.c: By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States
- Other policy relevant indicators
  - Other policy relevant indicators (full dataset)
  - Classroom teachers and academic staff by sex
    - Number of teachers by teaching level of education
    - Percentage of female teachers by teaching level of education
  - School life expectancy
    - School life expectancy by level of education
  - Mean years of schooling
    - Mean years of schooling
  - Number and rates of international mobile students (inbound and outbound)
    - Inbound students
    - Outbound students
      - Outbound internationally mobile students by host region
    - Mobility indicators
  - Number of students and enrolment rates by level of education
    - Enrolment by level of education
      - Enrolment by level of education
    - Enrolment ratios
      - Gross enrolment ratio by level of education
      - Total net enrolment rate by level of education
    - Attendance rates
  - Graduation ratio from tertiary education
    - Gross graduation ratio from tertiary education
  - Repetition rate by grade (primary and lower secondary education) and number of repeaters
    - Repeaters
      - Repeaters in primary education
      - Repeaters in lower secondary general education
    - Repetition rates
      - Repetition rate in primary education
      - Repetition rate in lower secondary general education
  - Out-of-school children, adolescents and youth (number)
    - Number of out-of-school children of primary school age
    - Number of out-of-school adolescents of lower secondary school age
    - Number of out-of-school youth of upper secondary school age
    - Number of out-of-school children and adolescents of primary and lower secondary school age
    - Number of out-of-school adolescents and youth of secondary school age
    - Number of out-of-school children, adolescents and youth of primary and secondary school age
  - Percentage of graduates by field of education (tertiary education)
    - Distribution of tertiary graduates by field of study
  - Educational expenditure by nature of spending in public educational institutions
    - Current expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions
    - All staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions
    - Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions
    - Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions
    - Current expenditure other than staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions
    - Expenditure on school books and teaching material as % of total expenditure in public institutions
    - Capital expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions
  - Percentage of students by programme orientation (ISCED 2, 3, 4 & 5)
    - Distribution of enrolment by programme orientation
  - Number of illiterates / Percentage of illiterates who are female
    - Illiterate population
    - Percentage of illiterates who are female
  - Percentage of enrolment in private institutions by level of education
    - Distribution of enrolment by type of institution
  - Government expenditure on education (amount)
    - Government expenditure on education in PPP$ (millions)
    - Government expenditure on education in constant PPP$
    - Government expenditure on education in US$
    - Government expenditure on education in constant US$
  - Survival rate by grade for primary education
    - Survival rate in primary education
  - Population of the official age / school age population
    - School age
      - School age population by level of education
    - Official entrance age
      - Population at official entrance age by level of education
  - Official entrance age and theoretical duration by level of education (years)
    - Official entrance age
      - Official entrance age to each ISCED level of education
    - Theoretical duration
      - Duration by level of education
  - Start and end of academic school year (month, year)
    - Academic year
      - Start and end of the academic year
  - Government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP
    - Government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
- Research and experimental development
  - Research and experimental development (full dataset)
  - Sustainable Development Goal 9.5
    - Target 9.5: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.
      - 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP
      - 9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants
  - Human resources in research and development (R&D;)
  - Expenditure on research and development (R&D;)
- Innovation
CULTURE
- Sustainable Development Goal 11
  - Sustainable Development Goal 11 (full dataset)
  - Target 11.4: Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage
    - 11.4.1 Total per capita expenditure on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage
- Cultural employment
  - Cultural employment (full dataset)
  - Cultural employment by occupation and industry (%)
    - Cultural employment by occupation and industry (%)
  - Employment in cultural occupations (%)
    - Employment in cultural occupations by socio-demographic characteristics (%)
    - Employment in cultural occupations by socio-economic characteristics (%)
    - Employment in cultural occupations by cultural domain (%)
  - Employment in cultural industries (%)
    - Employment in cultural industries by socio-demographic characteristics (%)
    - Employment in cultural industries by socio-economic characteristics (%)
  - Cultural employment by occupation and industry (number)
    - Cultural employment by occupation and industry (number)
  - Employment in cultural occupations (number)
    - Employment in cultural occupations by socio-demographic characteristics (number)
    - Employment in cultural occupations by socio-economic characteristics (number)
    - Employment in cultural occupations by cultural domain (number)
  - Employment in cultural industries (number)
    - Employment in cultural industries by socio-demographic characteristics (number)
    - Employment in cultural industries by socio-economic characteristics (number)
      - Existence of more than one job, cultural and non cultural industries (number)
      - Secondary job, cultural and non cultural industries (number)
- Feature films
  - Feature Films (full dataset)
  - Feature film production
  - Distribution of feature films
    - Distribution of feature films
    - Share of top 3 distributors
  - Cinema infrastructure
  - Exhibition of feature films
- International trade in cultural goods
  - International trade in cultural goods (full dataset)
  - International trade of all goods
    - Exports and imports of all goods
  - International trade of cultural goods
    - Exports and imports of cultural goods
    - Distribution of exports and imports of cultural goods
    - Exports and imports of cultural goods by domain
      - Exports of cultural goods by country and by domain
      - Imports of cultural goods by country and by domain
    - Exports and imports of cultural goods by income group and by domain
      - Exports of cultural goods by income group and by domain
      - Imports of cultural goods by income group and by domain
    - Exports and imports of cultural goods by SDGs region and by domain
      - Exports of cultural goods by SDGs regions and domain
      - Imports of cultural goods by SDGs regions and domain
    - Distribution of exports and imports of cultural goods by country and by domain
      - Distribution of exports of cultural goods by country and by domain (%)
      - Distribution of imports of cultural goods by country and by domain (%)
    - Distribution of exports and imports of cultural goods by domain and income group
      - Distribution of exports of cultural goods by income group and domain (%)
      - Distribution of imports of cultural goods by income group and domain (%)
    - Distribution of exports and imports of cultural goods by domain and SDGs region
      - Distribution of exports of cultural goods by SDGs regions and domain (%)
      - Distribution of imports of cultural goods by SDGs regions and domain (%)
  - International trade of goods indicators
    - Trade balance of all goods
    - Trade balance of cultural goods
COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
- Communication and information
  - Communication and information (full dataset)
  - Information and communication technology (ICT) in education
  - Pilot media survey 2011-2012
  - Global media survey 2005-2006
    - Broadcast
    - Newspapers
      - Newspapers
  - Library statistics 1996-2000
    - Librairies
DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
- Demographic and socio-economic
  - Demographic and socio-economic (full dataset)
  - Demographic
    - Demographic indicators
  - Socio-economic
    - Socio-economic indicators

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Science,technology and innovation : 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP

Indicator

GERD as a percentage of GDP Information on item

Time

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Country

Albania

Algeria

0.54

American Samoa

Angola

0.03

Argentina

0.62

0.59

0.62

0.56

0.49

Armenia

0.22

0.24

0.25

0.23

0.19

Australia

2.18

1.92

1.87

Austria

2.95

3.08

3.05

3.12

3.05

3.17

3.21

Azerbaijan

0.21

0.22

0.21

0.18

Bahrain

0.10

Bangladesh

Belarus

0.65

0.51

0.50

0.58

0.60

Belgium

2.33

2.37

2.43

2.52

2.66

2.77

Benin

Bermuda

0.23

0.22

0.26

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

0.32

0.26

0.22

0.20

0.19

Botswana

0.54

Brazil

1.20

1.27

1.34

1.26

1.09

1.16

Brunei Darussalam

0.28

Bulgaria

0.64

0.79

0.95

0.77

0.74

0.76

Burkina Faso

0.20

0.61

Burundi

0.21

Cambodia

0.12

Cameroon

Canada

1.71

1.69

1.73

1.67

1.56

1.54

Cabo Verde

Central African Republic

Chad

0.30

Chile

0.39

0.38

0.37

0.36

China

2.00

2.02

2.06

2.10

2.12

2.14

China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

0.73

0.74

0.76

0.79

0.80

0.86

China, Macao Special Administrative Region

0.05

0.09

0.14

0.23

0.17

0.20

Colombia

0.27

0.31

0.29

0.27

0.24

0.23

Congo

Costa Rica

0.56

0.57

0.45

0.46

0.44

0.38

Côte d'Ivoire

0.07

Croatia

0.81

0.78

0.84

0.86

0.97

Cuba

0.47

0.42

0.43

0.34

0.43

0.54

Cyprus

0.49

0.51

0.48

0.52

0.55

Czechia

1.90

1.97

1.93

1.68

1.79

1.93

Democratic Republic of the Congo

0.41

Denmark

2.97

2.91

3.05

3.09

3.05

3.03

Ecuador

0.38

0.44

Egypt

0.64

0.72

0.71

0.68

0.72

El Salvador

0.06

0.09

0.14

0.18

0.16

Estonia

1.71

1.42

1.46

1.25

1.28

1.40

Eswatini

0.27

Ethiopia

0.60

0.27

Faeroe Islands

Finland

3.27

3.15

2.87

2.72

2.73

2.76

France

2.24

2.28

2.27

2.22

2.20

2.19

Gabon

Gambia

0.07

Georgia

0.08

0.17

0.30

0.29

0.27

0.28

Germany

2.84

2.88

2.93

2.94

3.07

3.13

Ghana

Greece

0.81

0.83

0.96

0.99

1.13

1.18

Greenland

Guam

Guatemala

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.03

Guinea

Honduras

0.01

0.04

Hungary

1.39

1.35

1.19

1.33

1.53

Iceland

1.70

1.95

2.20

2.13

2.10

2.04

India

0.71

0.70

0.69

0.67

⁽⁺⁾

0.65

Indonesia

⁽⁺⁾

0.08

0.25

0.24

0.23

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

0.25

0.42

0.83

Iraq

0.04

Ireland

1.57

1.52

1.18

1.17

1.15

Israel

4.10

4.17

4.27

4.51

4.82

4.94

Italy

1.30

1.34

1.37

1.39

Jamaica

Japan

3.31

3.40

3.28

3.16

3.21

3.28

Jordan

0.71

Kazakhstan

0.17

0.14

0.13

0.12

Kenya

Kuwait

0.30

0.43

0.10

0.08

0.06

Kyrgyzstan

0.15

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.10

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Latvia

0.61

0.69

0.62

0.44

0.51

0.64

Lesotho

0.05

Libya

Lithuania

0.95

1.03

1.04

0.84

0.90

0.94

Luxembourg

1.30

1.26

1.27

1.26

1.27

1.21

Madagascar

0.01

Malawi

Malaysia

1.26

1.28

1.42

1.04

Mali

0.31

0.29

Malta

0.77

0.71

0.74

0.57

0.58

0.57

Mauritania

0.01

Mauritius

0.37

0.35

Mexico

0.43

0.44

0.43

0.39

0.33

0.31

Monaco

Mongolia

0.23

0.22

0.15

0.18

0.13

0.10

Montenegro

0.37

0.36

0.37

0.32

0.35

0.36

Morocco

Mozambique

0.31

Myanmar

0.03

Namibia

0.35

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

1.93

1.98

2.00

1.98

2.16

New Zealand

1.15

1.23

1.35

Nicaragua

0.10

0.09

0.11

Niger

Nigeria

North Macedonia

0.44

0.52

0.44

0.35

0.37

Norway

1.65

1.72

1.94

2.04

2.10

2.07

Oman

0.17

0.21

0.25

0.26

0.23

0.22

Pakistan

0.29

0.25

0.24

Palestine

0.49

Panama

0.06

0.14

0.12

0.14

0.15

Papua New Guinea

0.03

Paraguay

0.07

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.15

Peru

0.08

0.11

0.12

0.13

Philippines

0.13

0.16

Poland

0.87

0.94

1.00

0.96

1.03

1.21

Portugal

1.32

1.29

1.24

1.28

1.32

1.35

Puerto Rico

0.44

0.43

Qatar

0.52

0.51

Republic of Korea

3.95

4.08

3.98

3.99

4.29

4.53

Republic of Moldova

0.30

0.31

0.28

0.25

Romania

0.39

0.38

0.49

0.48

0.50

Russian Federation

1.03

1.07

1.10

1.11

0.98

Rwanda

0.65

Saint Helena

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saudi Arabia

0.82

Senegal

0.58

Serbia

0.68

0.72

0.81

0.84

0.87

0.92

Seychelles

0.22

Singapore

1.92

2.08

2.18

2.08

1.92

Slovakia

0.82

0.88

1.16

0.79

0.89

0.84

Slovenia

2.56

2.37

2.20

2.01

1.87

1.95

South Africa

0.72

0.77

0.80

0.82

0.83

Spain

1.28

1.24

1.22

1.19

1.21

1.24

Sri Lanka

0.10

0.11

0.13

Sudan

Sudan (pre-secession)

Sweden

3.26

3.10

3.22

3.25

3.36

3.31

Switzerland

3.37

Syrian Arab Republic

0.02

Tajikistan

0.12

0.11

0.12

0.10

Thailand

0.44

0.48

0.62

0.78

1.00

Togo

0.27

Trinidad and Tobago

0.06

0.08

0.09

0.08

Tunisia

0.67

0.65

⁽⁺⁾

0.63

0.60

Turkey

0.82

0.86

0.88

0.94

0.96

Uganda

0.14

Ukraine

0.76

0.65

0.61

0.48

0.45

0.47

United Arab Emirates

0.69

0.90

0.96

1.28

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1.62

1.64

1.65

1.66

1.68

1.70

United Republic of Tanzania

0.51

United States of America

2.71

2.72

2.76

2.82

2.83

United States Virgin Islands

Uruguay

0.32

0.34

0.36

0.41

0.48

0.42

Uzbekistan

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.16

0.13

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

0.32

0.34

Viet Nam

0.37

0.44

0.53

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Sustainable Development Goal Regions

World

1.66

1.68

1.69

1.71

1.73

Landlocked Developing Countries

0.23

0.22

0.20

Least Developed Countries

0.21

0.20

Small Island Developing States

0.97

1.03

1.07

1.02

0.98

Africa (Sub-Saharan)

0.35

0.36

0.37

Western Asia and Northern Africa

0.70

0.73

0.77

0.79

0.82

0.86

Africa (Northern)

0.56

0.57

0.61

0.63

Asia (Western)

0.75

0.78

0.82

0.85

0.89

0.94

Asia (Central and Southern)

0.59

0.58

0.56

Asia (Central)

0.17

0.16

0.15

0.13

0.12

Asia (Southern)

0.62

0.61

0.59

Asia (Eastern and South-eastern)

2.02

2.05

2.06

2.09

2.12

Asia (Eastern)

2.39

2.42

2.40

2.43

2.47

Asia (South-eastern)

0.79

0.84

0.88

0.93

0.94

0.92

Latin America and the Caribbean

0.66

0.69

0.71

0.67

0.60

0.61

Oceania

2.00

1.89

1.78

1.77

1.76

Oceania (Australia/New Zealand)

2.05

1.94

1.83

1.82

1.81

1.80

Northern America and Europe

2.18

2.20

2.21

2.23

2.26

2.28

Europe

1.79

1.82

1.84

1.83

1.86

1.89

Northern America

2.62

2.63

2.67

2.72

UIS Regions

World

1.66

1.68

1.69

1.71

1.73

Arab States

0.55

0.57

0.61

0.63

0.65

Central and Eastern Europe

0.94

0.97

1.00

0.97

1.00

1.01

Central Asia

0.17

0.18

0.17

0.15

0.14

East Asia and the Pacific

2.02

2.05

2.04

2.06

2.08

2.11

Latin America and the Caribbean

0.66

0.69

0.71

0.67

0.60

0.61

North America and Western Europe

2.39

2.41

2.44

2.48

2.50

South and West Asia

0.62

0.61

0.59

Sub-Saharan Africa

0.35

0.36

0.37

Small Island Developing States

1.03

1.10

1.14

1.08

1.03

World Bank Income Groups

Low income countries

0.28

0.27

0.26

0.25

Lower middle income countries

0.50

0.49

Middle income countries

1.04

1.07

1.11

1.13

1.14

1.15

Upper middle income countries

1.24

1.29

1.34

1.38

1.39

1.41

High income countries

2.32

2.35

2.34

2.39

2.43

Legend:

+	National Estimation

Data extracted on 21 Dec 2021 15:49 UTC (GMT) from UIS.Stat

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Science,technology and innovation : 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP

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