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Bisotun

Bisotun

Bisotun is located along the ancient trade route linking the Iranian high plateau with Mesopotamia and features remains from the prehistoric times to the Median, Achaemenid, Sassanian, and Ilkhanid periods. The principal monument of this archaeological site is the bas-relief and cuneiform inscription ordered by Darius I, The Great, when he rose to the throne of the Persian Empire, 521 BC. The bas-relief portrays Darius holding a bow, as a sign of sovereignty, and treading on the chest of a figure who lies on his back before him. According to legend, the figure represents Gaumata, the Median Magus and pretender to the throne whose assassination led to Darius’s rise to power. Below and around the bas-reliefs, there are ca. 1,200 lines of inscriptions telling the story of the battles Darius waged in 521-520 BC against the governors who attempted to take apart the Empire founded by Cyrus. The inscription is written in three languages. The oldest is an Elamite text referring to legends describing the king and the rebellions. This is followed by a Babylonian version of similar legends. The last phase of the inscription is particularly important, as it is here that Darius introduced for the first time the Old Persian version of his res gestae (things done). This is the only known monumental text of the Achaemenids to document the re-establishment of the Empire by Darius I. It also bears witness to the interchange of influences in the development of monumental art and writing in the region of the Persian Empire. There are also remains from the Median period (8th to 7th centuries B.C.) as well as from the Achaemenid (6th to 4th centuries B.C.) and post-Achaemenid periods.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Behistun

Behistun se trouve sur l’ancienne route marchande reliant le haut plateau iranien à la Mésopotamie et possède des vestiges de l’époque préhistorique aux périodes mède, achéménide, sassanide et ilkhanide. Le monument principal de ce site archéologique est un bas-relief et une inscription cunéiforme commandés par Darius I le Grand, quand il monta sur le trône de l’Empire perse, en 521 avant JC. Ce bas-relief représente Darius tenant un arc, symbole de sa souveraineté, et écrasant le torse d’un homme allongé sur le dos devant lui. Selon la légende, ce personnage serait Gaumata, le mage mède prétendant au trône dont l’assassinat permit à Darius la conquête du pouvoir. Sous le bas-relief et autour, quelque 1 200 lignes d’inscriptions retracent l’histoire des batailles que Darius a dû livrer en 521 - 520 avant JC contre les gouverneurs qui tentèrent de diviser l’empire fondé par Cyrus. L’inscription est rédigée en trois langues. La plus ancienne est un texte élamite faisant référence aux légendes qui décrivent le roi et les rébellions. Elle est suivie par une version babylonienne de légendes similaires. La dernière partie de l’inscription est particulièrement importante, car c’est là que Darius introduisit pour la première fois la version en vieux perse de ses res gestae (ce qu’il a accompli). C’est l’unique inscription monumentale achéménide connu sur la re-fondation de l’Empire par Darius I. Elle constitue également un témoignage sur les influences mutuelles dans le développement de l’art monumental et de l’écriture dans la région de l’Empire perse. On trouve aussi à Behistun des vestiges de la période mède (8e au 7e siècle avant JC) ainsi que des périodes achéménide (6e au 4e siècles) et post-achéménide.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

بيستون

تقع بيستون على الطريق التجارية القديمة التي تربط الهضبة العليا الإيرانية ببلاد ما بين النهرين وتملك آثارًا من حقبة ما قبل التاريخ وحتى الحقبات الميديّة، والأخيمينية، والساسانية، والإيلخانية. أما النصب الأساسي لهذا الموقع الأثريّ فهو نُقيشة وكتابة مسمارية أمر بتنفيذهما داريوش الأول الكبير، عندما اعتلى عرش الامبراطورية الفارسية، في العام 521 ق.م. كما أن هذا الموقع يشكل شهادة على التأثيرات المتبادلة في تطور الفن النُّصبي والكتابة في منطقة الامبراطورية الفارسية.

زيارة إلى بيستون رسالة اليونسكو (2006)

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

比索顿古迹

比索顿位于连接伊朗高原和美索不达米亚的古商路上,拥有从史前时期到米堤亚(Median)、阿契美尼德(Achaemenid)、萨桑(Sassanian)、伊卡哈尼德(Ilkhanid)时代的遗迹。这一处考古遗迹中最主要的纪念物就是公元前521年大流士一世 (Darius I) 为纪念其执掌波斯王朝而下令建造的有浅浮雕和楔形文字铭文的纪念碑。大流士的浅浮雕雕像展现出统治者的姿态,手持弓箭,脚踏仰卧在他面前的一个人的胸部。传说那个被大流士踩在脚下的人叫高墨达(Gaumata),是一个米堤亚巫师。他觊觎王位而行刺却使大流士掌握了权力。在浅浮雕下面和四周有1200行铭文,记载了公元前521年至520年大流士与那些试图分裂帝国(由塞勒斯建立)的各统治者交战的历史。铭文用三种文字写成。最古老的是埃兰语文本,讲述了关于国王和反叛者的传说。其后是巴比伦版的类似传说。铭文的最后一部分非常重要,这是大流士第一次用古波斯语言记录他的丰功伟绩,也是已发现的唯一一份能够证明大流士重建了帝国的重要阿契美尼德文本。它还体现了波斯帝国地区在纪念性艺术与文学发展方面的相互影响。这里还有米堤亚(公元前8世纪到公元前7世纪)、阿契美尼德(公元前6世纪到公元前4世纪)及后阿契美尼德时期的遗迹。

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Археологический объект Бисотун

Бисотун находится на древнем торговом пути, соединявшем Иранское нагорье с Месопотамией, и хранит свидетельства многих периодов, начиная с доисторических времен до Мидийцев, Ахеменидов, Сасанидов и Ильханидов. Основной памятник этого археологического объекта - барельеф и клинописная надпись, сделанные по приказу Дария I Великого, когда он в 521 г. до н.э. взошел на трон Персидской империи. Барельеф изображает Дария, держащего лук, как символ власти, и попирающего грудь поверженной перед ним фигуры. В соответствии с легендой – это фигура Гауматы, мидийского мага и претендента на трон, убийство которого привело Дария к власти. Ниже и вокруг барельефа находится около 1200 строк, где описывается история битв, проведенных Дарием в 521-520 гг. до н.э. против наместников областей, пытавшихся отделиться от империи, созданной Киром. Надписи выполнены на трех языках. Старейшая – это эламитский текст, описывающий правителя и повстанцев. Затем идет вавилонская версия подобных историй. Последняя часть надписи особенно важна, так как здесь Дарий впервые предложил версию своих деяний на старо-персидском языке (res gestae). Это единственный известный текст на памятниках Ахеменидов, подтверждающий факт восстановления империи Дарием I. Он также демонстрирует взаимопроникновение различных влияний при развитии монументального искусства и письменности на территории Персидской империи. Объект также содержит остатки от Мидийского (VIII-VII вв. до н.э.), Ахеменидского (VI-IV вв. до н.э.) и пост-Ахеменидского периодов.

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Behistún

El sitio de Behistún está situado al borde una antigua ruta comercial que unía el altiplano iraní con Mesopotamia y conserva vestigios arqueológicos que van desde los tiempos prehistóricos hasta la época de los iljanidas, pasando por los periodos de dominación de medos, aqueménidas y sasánidas. El monumento principal de este sitio arqueológico es el bajorrelieve con inscripciones cuneiformes que ordenó ejecutar Darío I el Grande, cuando accedió al trono del Imperio Persa el año 521 a.C. En el bajorrelieve se presenta a Darío con un arco, símbolo de la soberanía, hollando el pecho de un personaje que yace de espaldas delante de él. Según la leyenda, el personaje es Gaumata, el mago medo pretendiente al trono persa que Darío asesinó, abriéndose así paso hacia el poder. Debajo del bajorrelieve, y a su alrededor, hay una inscripción de unas 1.200 líneas que relata la historia de las batallas libradas por Darío en los años 521 y 520 a.C. contra los sátrapas que intentaron desmembrar el imperio fundado por Ciro el Grande. La inscripción está redactada en tres lenguas: elamita, babilonio y persa antiguo. El texto más antiguo es el elamita, que refiere una serie de leyendas sobre el rey y las rebeliones que aplastó. El texto en babilonio narra leyendas análogas. La última parte de la inscripción, redactada en persa antiguo, es especialmente importante, porque es la primera vez que se hace mención a la gesta de Darío en esta lengua. Es la única inscripción monumental aqueménida conocida sobre la restauración del Imperio Persa por este monarca. Este monumento atestigua los intercambios recíprocos entre las culturas que influyeron en el desarrollo del arte monumental y la escritura en el territorio del Imperio Persa. En Behistún se conservan también vestigios del periodo medo (siglos VIII a VII a.C.), del aqueménida (siglos VI a IV a.C.) y de épocas posteriores.

source: UNESCO/ERI
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

ビソトゥーン
イラン西部のビソトゥーンでは、イラン高原とメソポタミアをつなぐ古代の交易路に沿って、メディア王国、アケメネス朝やササン朝ペルシア、イル・ハン朝の遺跡が残る。なかでも貴重なのは、アケメネス朝ペルシアの王ダレイオス1世の浅浮彫や、楔形文字で記された碑銘だ。浅浮彫の下方や周辺には、ダレイオス1世の戦闘の光景が、エラム語・バビロニア語・古代ペルシア語の3言語で、1200行にわたって刻まれている。この碑銘文は、ダレイオス1世が自らの業績を初めて記したものであり、王のペルシア帝国再建を伝える、アケメネス朝時代唯一の歴史的文書である。また、楔形文字の解明に役立った点でも資料的価値が高い。

source: NFUAJ

Bisotun

Bisotun ligt langs de oude handelsroute die de Iraanse hoogvlakte met Mesopotamië verbindt. Het gebied bevat overblijfselen uit de prehistorie tot aan de Medische, Achaemenidische, Sassanidische en Il-kanidische periodes. Het belangrijkste monument van dit archeologische erfgoed is het bas-reliëf en de inscriptie in spijkerschrift die in opdracht van Darius de Grote zijn vervaardigd toen hij de troon van het Perzische Rijk besteeg in 521 voor Christus. Het reliëf beeldt Darius uit met een boog, als een teken van soevereiniteit. De inscriptie is geschreven in drie talen. De oudste is een Elamitische tekst die verwijst naar legendes over de koning en de opstanden die hij bevochten heeft.

Source: unesco.nl

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Bas-relief illustrating Darius' victory © UNESCO
Outstanding Universal Value

Brief Synthesis

 On the sacred mountain of Bisotun in western Iran’s Kermanshah province is a remarkable multilingual inscription carved on a limestone cliff about 60 m above the plain. Located along one of the main routes linking Persia with Mesopotamia, the inscription is illustrated by a life-sized bas-relief of its creator, the Achaemenid (Persian) king Darius I, and other figures. It is unique, being the only known monumental text of the Achaemenids to document a specific historic event, that of the re-establishment of the empire by Darius I the Great. Moreover, Bisotun is an outstanding testimony to the important interchange of human values on the development of monumental art and writing, reflecting ancient traditions in monumental bas-reliefs. The inscription, which has three versions of the same text written in three different languages, was the first cuneiform writing to be deciphered in the 19th century.

 The inscription at Bisotun (meaning “place of gods”), which is about 15 m high by 25 m wide, was created on the orders of King Darius I in 521 BC. Much of it celebrates his victories over numerous pretenders to the Persian Empire’s throne. The inscription was written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian. Once deciphered in the 19th century, it opened the door to previously unknown aspects of ancient civilizations. In that sense, the inscription at Bisotun has had a value for Assyriology comparable to that of the Rosetta Stone for Egyptology.

 The monumental bas-relief associated with the text includes an image of King Darius holding a bow as a sign of sovereignty, and treading on the chest of a figure which lies on his back before him. According to legend, the figure represents Gaumāta, the pretender to the throne whose assassination led to Darius’ rise to power. This symbolic representation of the Achaemenid king in relation to his enemy reflects traditions in monumental bas-reliefs that date from ancient Egypt and the Middle East, and which were subsequently further developed during the Achaemenid and later empires.

 The 187-ha site of Bisotun also features remains from prehistoric times to the Median period (8th to 7th centuries BCE) as well as from the Achaemenid (6th to 4th centuries BCE) and post-Achaemenid periods. Its most significant period, however, was from the 6th century BCE to the 6th century CE.

Criterion (ii)The monument created by Darius I the Great in Bisotun in 521 BCE is an outstanding testimony to the important interchange of human values on the development of monumental art and writing. The symbolic representation of the Achaemenid king in relation to his enemy reflects traditions in monumental bas-reliefs that date from ancient Egypt and the Middle East, and which were subsequently further developed during the Achaemenid and later empires.

Criterion (iii)The site of Bisotun is located along one of the main routes linking Persia with Mesopotamia and associated with the sacred Bisotun mountain. There is archaeological evidence of human settlements that date from the prehistoric times, while the most significant period was from the 6th century BCE to the 6th century CE. The Bisotun inscription is unique, being the only known monumental text of the Achaemenids to document a specific historic event, that of the re-establishment of the empire by Darius I the Great. It was the first cuneiform writing to be deciphered in the 19th century.

Integrity

Within the boundaries of the property are located all the elements and components necessary to express the Outstanding Universal Value of the property, most notably the multilingual inscription in three different cuneiform script languages and the related monumental carved bas-relief. The property covers a reasonable area enclosing the most important monuments of the site as well as part of the mountain. While there has been some erosion, the text and bas-relief are still intact and comprehensible. The monument’s integrity is threatened, however, by water infiltration behind the bas-relief.

Authenticity 

The inscribed and carved monument created by Darius I the Great at Bisotun is authentic in terms of its form and design, material and substance, and location and setting.

 Protection and management requirements 

Bisotun is a state-owned property, and is under protection as a national monument on the basis of the Iranian Law on the Conservation of National Monuments (1982), the Purchase Law on historical properties, and the Law of City Halls. The principal management authority of the property is the Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism Organization (which is administered and funded by the Government of Iran) through its local office at Bisotun, Kermanshah. An initial management plan for the property, approved in 2004, set out the managerial mechanisms for a 6-year period. The current management plan, which was adopted in 2010, defines programmes related to equipment, research, conservation work, and repairs, as well as educational activities. This plan was prepared by the steering committee that replaced the National Board of Trustees of Bisotun World Heritage property, which had been established in 2008 to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable development of the property.

 Sustaining the Outstanding Universal Value of the property over time will require transforming the emergency actions taken to counteract the effects of water infiltration behind the bas-relief into a permanent solution for safeguarding the monument; and continuing to manage the development pressures that exist in the region.