• Bibliographic citation:

  Bräuchler, B. 2012. Intangible cultural heritage and peace building in Indonesia and East Timor.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Bräuchler, Birgit
  Title	Intangible cultural heritage and peace building in Indonesia and East Timor
  Book title	Routledge Handbook of Heritage in Asia
  Year	2012
  Editor(s)	Patrick Daly, Tim Winter
  Pages	15
  Publisher	Routledge
  Language	English

• Abstract:

  Conflicts and wars have long been recognised as threats to tangible cultural heritage. Well-known examples include the Buddhas of Bamiyan and the Mostar Bridge in Bosnia-Herzegovina, both of which show the importance of safeguarding such sites (see for example, Albert 2006: 32-33, Stanley-Price 2007b: 4-5). However, much less attention has been paid to intangible heritage in times of conflict, although the 2003 UNESCO Convention explicitly ascribes intangible cultural heritage an invaluable role ‘in bringing human beings closer together and ensuring exchange and understanding among them’, in other words, peace (UNESCO 2003; see also Albert 2006: 30, Albert and Gauer-Lietz 2006: 20, van Ginkel 2005: 25). The destruction of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) such as social and cultural structures, relationships and identities is usually not visible, thus much more difficult to detect, but potentially more grave in its consequences and more difficult to heal (compare Nordstrom 1997: 93). In this chapter, I argue that the destruction or disregard of ICH damages or ignores some of the very means needed to solve problems, prevent conflicts and for social reconstruction. In an era of ethnic and religious wars, one often seems to forget that religion and culture are not only (mis)used to mobilise people to fight each other. On the contrary, they can also help prevent and resolve violent conflict and enable reconciliation. To explore the subject further, this chapter aims to bring together the discourses on cultural heritage and traditional justice mechanisms as internationally recognised ‘peace tools’. To date, they have hardly crossed paths, although there are essential overlaps. This contribution looks into the question of whether it makes sense to declare traditional justice mechanisms as ‘cultural heritage’. Arguing for a progressive merging of the two discourses and a careful integration of traditional justice mechanisms into the body of internationally recognised ICH, the chapter draws on two case studies – East Timor and Indonesia.1. It reflects on shortcomings of traditional justice mechanisms and discusses the linking up of traditional justice and cultural heritage via one of the central features of both discourses: ritual performances. 2. The chapter concludes with some challenges, problems and prospects of viewing traditional conflict resolution and justice mechanisms as part of Asia’s intangible cultural heritage and a critical part of dealing with conflicts and social unrest in parts of Asia.

• Themes:

  Social practices, rituals and festive events, Cultural identity, Emergency situations, International tensions, Social conflicts, Unintended outcomes, Conflicts

• Country:

  Indonesia, Timor-Leste

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-23)

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Chatelard, G. (2017). Survey report; Intangible Cultural Heritage of Displaced Syrians Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

• Bibliographic data:

  Title	Survey report; Intangible Cultural Heritage of Displaced Syrians
  Year	2017
  	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
  Author	Chatelard, Géraldine
  Publisher	UNESCO Living Heritage Entity
  Postal address	Paris
  Language	English

• Abstract:

  The report below presents the findings of a survey on the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) of displaced Syrians. It also provides recommendations that the international community and the national authorities might find useful in their efforts to safeguard living heritage and promote social cohesion. The survey was based on interviews with 60 displaced Syrians and some members of the host communities who shared their experiences about safeguarding their ICH. The responses illustrate the important role that ICH can play in coping with displacement and enhancing bonds between refugees and host communities. It also demonstrates the ways in which displaced people find ways to continue to transmit and recreate their ICH. The respondents spoke about three main ICH domains, as explained in more detail below. These included customs and traditions (‘adad wa taqalid’), traditional artistic expressions (fann/plur. funun), and craftsmanship (al-hiraf al-yadawiya). The interviews showed that ICH provides a sense of belonging, mitigates psychological, social and economic resilience, and, in many cases, helps mediate conflicts by fostering intercultural communication and mutual appreciation. However, more support is needed to ensure the continued transmission of ICH in the particular circumstances of displacement, which entails encountering a new context and host community.

• Themes:

  Oral traditions and expressions, Traditional craftsmanship, Community participation, Cultural identity, Emergency situations, International cooperation, International tensions, Migration, Social conflicts, Conflicts, Hampered transmission, Reduced practice, SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

• Country:

  Syrian Arab Republic

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-23)

• Public URL:

  https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/38275-EN.pdf

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Iwamoto, W., Ohnuki, M. & Nojima, Y. (2018). Preliminary Research on ICH Safeguarding and Disaster Risk Management in the Asia-Pacific Region: Project Report for the FY 2016-2017 Osaka, Japan: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Oragnization.

• Bibliographic data:

  Title	Preliminary Research on ICH Safeguarding and Disaster Risk Management in the Asia-Pacific Region: Project Report for the FY 2016-2017
  Year	2018
  	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Oragnization
  Author	Iwamoto, Wataru AND Ohnuki, Misako AND Nojima, Yoko
  Publisher	International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region
  Postal address	Osaka, Japan
  month	March
  Language	English

• Abstract:

  ‘Preliminary Research on ICH Safeguarding and Disaster Risk Management in the Asia- Pacific Region’ started in April 2016, as a new research project under the new Medium- Term Programme (FY 2016–2020) of the International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI). The project specifically focused on aspects related to natural hazards because in the Asia- Pacific region, a great number of countries frequently suffer severe events. Cyclones/ typhoons, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, drought and volcanic eruptions sometimes bring about disastrous consequences for these countries’ peoples. Thus, natural hazards and disasters are considered a factor threatening the viability of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). International awareness concerning protecting and safeguarding cultural heritage against disasters has been growing. UNESCO’s Medium-Term Strategy for 2014–2021 (37C/4) emphasises the urgent need to respond to post-conflict and post-disaster situations (PCPD) (UNESCO 2014), and the UN’s Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 also calls for protection of cultural heritage (UNISDR 2015). However, while both domestic and international efforts have been increased for protecting and rescuing cultural heritage affected by severe disasters, such activities largely center on ‘tangible’ heritage while impacts on ‘intangible’ cultural heritage (ICH) are frequently overlooked. In the UNESCO policy framework for ICH, Operational Directives for the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage added a new paragraph on ‘Community-based resilience to natural disasters and climate change’ (VI.3.3), reflecting the discussion on ICH and sustainable development (UNESCO 2016). Since 2016, the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage has also discussed this issue under the theme of ‘Intangible cultural heritage in emergencies’.

• Themes:

  Community participation, Emergency situations, International cooperation, Climate change, Natural disasters, SDG 15: Life on Land, SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-24)

• Public URL:

  https://www.irci.jp/wp_files/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ICH_DRM-Project-Report-2016-2017-1.pdf

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Krishna, V. (2018). Kerala: Post Disaster Needs Assessment Floods and Landslides Government of India.

• Bibliographic data:

  Title	Kerala: Post Disaster Needs Assessment Floods and Landslides
  Year	2018
  	Government of India
  Language	English
  Author	Krishna, Vatsa

• Themes:

  Emergency situations, Environment, Natural disasters, SDG 13: Climate Action, SDG 15: Life on Land

• Country:

  India

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-25)

• Public URL:

  https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PDNA_Kerala_India_0.pdf

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Le Mentec, K. & Zhang, Q. (2017) Heritagization of disaster ruins and ethnic culture in China: Recovery plans after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. IN China Information, 31. 349–370.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Le Mentec, Katiana AND Zhang, Qiaoyun
  Title	Heritagization of disaster ruins and ethnic culture in China: Recovery plans after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
  Journal	China Information
  Year	2017
  Volume	31
  Number	3
  Pages	349-370
  Language	English
  month	November

• Abstract:

  This article discusses state-led heritagization processes in Beichuan and Wenchuan Counties, two Qiang ethnic minority areas severely affected by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (China). Certain destroyed landscapes were preserved and turned into earthquake relic sites. In particular, the former Beichuan County seat was entirely heritagized for memorial, economic, and patriotic education purposes, causing an emotional conflict with locals still affected by loss and trauma. At the same time, Qiang cultural practices were hastily registered as national and international intangible cultural heritage, while reconstructed Qiang villages were transformed into heritage tourism destinations. These initiatives tend to reshape Qiang culture elements into fetishized commodities. Allocating massive funds to historically marginalized regions, these post-disaster heritagization programmes aimed at boosting economic recovery, as well as demonstrating state power, national unity and solidarity. Implemented using a top–down method, they appear insensitive to the affected population’s trauma and the sociohistorical context from which the newly heritagized elements originate. The disaster and Qiang culture heritage tourism not only failed to bring about sustainable economic development to the earthquake-stricken areas, but also ignored to a large extent the initial goal of ‘post-disaster cultural recovery’ and the virtues of cultural heritage in recovery processes.

• Themes:

  Economic and social development, Emergency situations, Indigenous peoples, Minority groups, Tourism, Degraded habitat, Natural disasters

• Country:

  China

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-24)

• Public URL:

  https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0920203X17736508

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Nepal, G. O. 2015. Cultural Heritage.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Government Of Nepal
  Title	Cultural Heritage
  Book title	Nepal Earthquake 2015: Post Disaster Needs Assessment Vol. B: Sector Reports.
  Year	2015
  Pages	65-75
  organization(s)	Government of Nepal
  Publisher	National Planning Commission
  Language	English

• Themes:

  Emergency situations, Environment, Degraded habitat, Loss of cultural spaces, Natural disasters

• Country:

  Nepal

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-25)

• Public URL:

  https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PDNA-volume-B_0.pdf

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Polymenopoulou, E. 2018. Cultural rights in the prevention and management of disasters.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Polymenopoulou, Eleni
  Title	Cultural rights in the prevention and management of disasters
  Book title	Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Disasters
  Year	2018
  Editor(s)	Giustiniani, F. Z., Sommario, E., Casolari, F. and Bartolini G
  Pages	261-274
  Publisher	Routledge
  Postal address	New York
  Language	English

• Abstract:

  The present chapter discusses the little-examined area of cultural rights in times of disasters. Drawing from numerous examples, including the Indian Ocean Tsunami, the flooding in Pakistan and the bushfires in Australia, it explores the role of culture in disaster risk prevention and management from a legal perspective, insisting on those cultural rights that seem more pertinent in times of disasters. It examines therefore issues related to cultural identities, tangible and intangible cultural heritage as well as group rights – including indigenous livelihoods and indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). Highlighting the links between cultural rights, cultural resilience and sustainable disaster management, it adopts a ‘broadened’ perception of cultural rights, explaining the transition of the international community from cultural rights to ‘cultural resilience’ – particularly visible in the recently adopted Sendai Framework. It suggests that it is now time for a more dynamic approach of the international community that encompasses enforcement of cultural rights as well as the building of cultural resilience for vulnerable populations.

• Themes:

  Social practices, rituals and festive events, Emergency situations, Indigenous peoples, International cooperation, Degraded habitat, SDG 15: Life on Land, SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

• Country:

  Australia, Pakistan

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-26)

• Public URL:

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315115238/chapters/10.4324/9781315115238-17

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Rico, T. (2018) Constructing Destruction: Heritage Narratives in the Tsunami City Routledge.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Rico, Trinidad
  Title	Constructing Destruction: Heritage Narratives in the Tsunami City
  Publisher	Routledge
  Year	2018
  Edition	1st
  Language	English

• Abstract:

  Large-scale disasters mobilize heritage professionals to a narrative of heritage-at-risk and a standardized set of processes to counter that risk. Trinidad Rico’s critical ethnography analyses heritage practices in the aftermath of the tsunami that swamped Banda Aceh, Indonesia, in 2004 and the post-destruction narratives that accompanied it, showing the sociocultural, historical, and political agendas these discourses raise. Countering the typical Western ideology and practice of ameliorating heritage-at-risk were local, post-colonial trajectories that permitted the community to construct its own meaning of heritage. This book documents the emergence of local heritage places, practices, and debates countering the globalized versions embraced by the heritage professions offering a critical paradigm for post-destruction planning and practice that incorporates alternative models of heritage. Constructing Deconstruction will be of value to scholars, professionals, and advanced students in Heritage Studies, Anthropology, Geography, and Disaster Studies.

• Themes:

  Emergency situations, Climate change, Degraded habitat, Natural disasters

• Country:

  Indonesia

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-24)

• Public URL:

  https://www.routledge.com/Constructing-Destruction-Heritage-Narratives-in-the-Tsunami-City-1st/Rico/p/book/9781315520933

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Schaaf, T. & Rossler, M. 2010. Sacred Natural Sites, Cultural Landscapes and UNESCO’s Action.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Schaaf , Thomas AND Rossler, Mechtild
  Title	Sacred Natural Sites, Cultural Landscapes and UNESCO’s Action
  Book title	Sacred Natural Sites Conserving Nature and Culture
  Year	2010
  Editor(s)	Bas Verschuuren, Robert Wild, Jeffrey McNeely and Gonzalo Oviedo
  Pages	161-169
  Publisher	Earthscan
  Postal address	Earthscan Ltd, Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street, London EC1N 8XA, UKEarthscan LLC, 1616 P Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA

• Abstract:

  The introduction of sacred natural sites to the international arena more than a decade ago has led to major actions by the international community concerned with environmental conservation. Beginning with research pilot projects on sacred natural sites, and discussions about definitions, key conferences and workshops involving concerned stakeholders have also taken place in India, Mexico, China, Japan and Mongolia. These have helped to formulate the IUCN-UNESCO Guidelines for the Conservation and Management of Sacred Natural Sites. This chapter discusses inscription of sacred natural sites and landscapes within the regulatory framework of the World Heritage Convention and the UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Despite legally protected area status, core areas of biosphere reserves are not always respected by local people, who are often compelled to revert to poaching or illegal logging even in the protected core areas so as to satisfy their immediate livelihood needs. In search for solutions this chapter outlines experience based on a UNESCO MAB research project in Ghana which studied sacred groves and the importance of sacred natural sites for biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. The project employed an interdisciplinary approach for establishing baselines based on scientific knowledge of the natural world for the planning of restoration activities. These revealed higher biodiversity levels at the edges of sacred groves than inside the groves but also more birds, reptiles and mammals within the sacred groves than outside. Socio-cultural values and belief systems were also assessed in combination with the development of environmental educational programmes. Traditional beliefs regulating hunting activities helped to provide insight into traditional leadership enforcing the respect of responsibilities and taboos regarding the sacred groves. Incomegenerating activities beyond the confines of the sacred sites were developed in consultation with and for the benefit of local people. Because of their biodiversity values sacred natural sites can signal potential restoration sites for the elaboration of integrated conservation strategies. These should be supported by modern and legal instruments. The recognition of the importance of safeguarding sacred natural sites will not only serve the protection of species and the environment at large, but also the spiritual and qualitative well-being of humankind.

• Themes:

  Emergency situations, Indigenous peoples, Social practices, rituals and festive events, 1972 Convention, Convention on Biological Diversity, SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 15: Life on Land, Environment

• Country:

  Ghana, Kenya

• Suggested by:

  Meglena Zlatkova (2019-12-26)

• Public URL:

  https://www.academia.edu/5970179/Sacred_natural_sites_conserving_nature_and_culture_edited_by_Bas_Verschuuren_Robert_Wild_Jeffrey_McNeely_and_Gonzalo_Oviedo?email_work_card=view-paper

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Spennemann, D. H. r. & Graham, K. (2007) The importance of heritage preservation in natural disaster situations. IN International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 7. 993–1001.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Spennemann, Dirk H.r. AND Graham, Kristy
  ISSN	1466-8297
  Journal	International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management
  Language	English
  Number	6
  Pages	993--1001
  Title	The importance of heritage preservation in natural disaster situations
  Volume	7
  Year	2007

• Abstract:

  Disaster management for cultural heritage has been gaining recognition as an important issue for the long term management and conservation of these assets. Natural disasters are localised events and have the ability to cause widespread loss and destruction to a community's cultural heritage. The social benefits of heritage preservation are often cited as the justification for developing disaster management plans. These social benefits are generally presented in relation to the disaster recovery phase. However, these benefits are also attributable to the initial stages experienced during a disaster event. Applying these existing arguments to this initial stage may assist to transcend the existing attitudinal barriers and present the issue of disaster management for cultural heritage in a manner which is relevant to the diversity of stakeholders.

• Themes:

  Emergency situations, Community participation, Environment, Natural disasters

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Takahashi, A. & Nemani, S. (2016) Integrating ICH in post-disaster needs assessments: a case study of Navala Village. IN ICH Courier online - ICH Courier of Asia and the Pacific, 28. 8–11.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Takahashi, Akatsuki AND Nemani, Sipiriano
  Title	Integrating ICH in post-disaster needs assessments: a case study of Navala Village
  Journal	ICH Courier online - ICH Courier of Asia and the Pacific
  Year	2016
  Volume	28
  Pages	8-11
  Language	English
  ISSN	2092-7959

• Themes:

  Emergency situations, Degraded ecosystem, Degraded habitat, Natural disasters, Economic and social development, Environment, Sustainable development, SDG 15: Life on Land, article from a collective publication containing other pertinent articles to be declared, references illustrating linkages between SDGs and ICH

• Country:

  Fiji

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-24)

• Public URL:

  https://ichcourier.unesco-ichcap.org/article/integrating-ich-in-post-disaster-needs-assessments-a-case-study-of-navala-village/

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Takizawa, K. 2019. Resilience of communities affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and restoration of their local festivals.

• Bibliographic data:

  Author	Takizawa, Katsuhiko
  Title	Resilience of communities affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and restoration of their local festivals
  Book title	Crisis and Disaster in Japan and New Zealand
  Year	2019
  Editor(s)	Bouterey, S. and Marceau, L. E.
  Pages	41-57
  Publisher	Palgrave Macmillan
  Postal address	Singapore
  Language	English

• Abstract:

  After the Great East Japan Earthquake, the Northeast Asian Studies Centre at Tohoku University conducted an extensive project titled, “Investigation into Damage to Folk Cultural Assets from the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in Miyagi.” The project focused on “intangible folk cultural assets,” such as local festivals and folk performing arts. In this chapter, Takizawa introduces some of the challenges faced by researchers in attempting to measure the degree of damage to, and recovery of, cultural assets that are essentially “intangible” and for which, in many cases, there were no earlier written records. Issues illuminated by the project and their practical significance to society are discussed with particular reference to the reconstruction of local communities and revival of their traditional festivals.

• Themes:

  Oral traditions and expressions, Community participation, Emergency situations, Degraded habitat, Loss of cultural spaces, Natural disasters, SDG 15: Life on Land

• Country:

  Japan, New Zealand

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-26)

• Public URL:

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-0244-2_4#citeas

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

• Bibliographic citation:

  Tandon, A. (2016). First Aid to Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis: Handbook Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development and ICCROM.

• Bibliographic data:

  Title	First Aid to Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis: Handbook
  Year	2016
  	Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development and ICCROM
  Author	Tandon, Aparna
  Publisher	International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and Prince Claud Fund for Culture and Development
  Language	English

• Themes:

  Awareness-raising, Emergency situations, Conflicts, Natural disasters

• Suggested by:

  Alice Thibault (2019-07-24)

• Public URL:

  https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/2018-10/fac_handbook_print_oct-2018_final.pdf

The designations employed and the presentation in the texts and documents referenced in this bibliography do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.