State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 604 Housing 379 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 216 Ground transport infrastructure 193 Legal framework 156 Management activities 108 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 103 Illegal activities 100 Surface water pollution 95 Mining 91 Water infrastructure 87 Oil and gas 63 Interpretative and visitation facilities 61 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 60 Forestry /wood production 51 Major linear utilities 49 Financial resources 44 Marine transport infrastructure 41 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Storms 39 Commercial development 38 Renewable energy facilities 38 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 33 Land conversion 32 Water (extraction) 31 Water (rain/water table) 31 Solid waste 30 Earthquake 28 Human resources 24 Invasive / alien freshwater species 23 Underground transport infrastructure 22 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 22 Localised utilities 21 Crop production 20 Relative humidity 20 Governance 20 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 19 Quarrying 18 Civil unrest 18 Fire (widlfires) 18 Air pollution 17 Input of excess energy 16 Ground water pollution 15 Pollution of marine waters 15 Industrial areas 14 High impact research / monitoring activities 14 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 13 Society's valuing of heritage 12 Air transport infrastructure 11 Non-renewable energy facilities 11 Micro-organisms 11 War 9 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 8 Other climate change impacts 7 Commercial hunting 6 Temperature 5 Wind 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Radiation/light 3 Terrorism 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1